JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES OF ISLAM
Year:2016 | Volume:8 | Issue:29|Papers Count:7

The 7th and 8th century reflects the era of Sufism and its various sects (Triqats) especially in Anatolia. Considering the status of the different dynamic thoughts, the existence of a common trend with common characteristics, is recognizable in a new trend called” Non- Governmental Urban Sufism”. Enjoying from a simple and understandable literature, this kind of Sufism had much focus on the function rather theory in order to integrate different social classes. Moreover it was built upon the ties between the guilds' strata and city craftsmen. Investigation on the Sufism sects at this era shows that there had been three sects called “Akhyan”, “Bajyan” and “Ghalandaran”. Apart from some issues, the sects appear to have the same originality as Malamatieh thought and “Fottowat” sect and had been so influential in Anatolia at that era.

Interment as well as paying attention to the afterlife subject has been enjoyed special significance among people from all ethnic groups. So we witness an evolution in this practice regarding religious rituals in different periods even in one land. Sistan, with no exception, experiencing such evolution, began the tradition of tomb building not earlier than the sixth century AH. Based on survey and library sources, this research seeks to investigate on the evolution of interment ritual and characteristics of tombs in Zahak area in Sistan. The findings show that the evolution had not only been affected by geographical elements but also ancient traditions and religious beliefs. Moreover, economic conditions and religious diversity among inhabitants is considerable.

The 38-year rule of Sultan Husain Bayiqra (911-873 AH/1468-1505 CE), coinciding with the latter years of the Timurid reign as well as with the establishment of the Safavid state, is considerable in terms of how the Shi’I Islam was treated and what religious policies were adopted towards it. The general situation of Shi’ism in the Timurid period and, to some extent, the religious inclination of Sultan Husain and the religious milieu of this period, have been explored in the current researches. However, the present study, drawing upon the historical sources, biographies, letters, and writings of this period, in addition to the religious inclination of Sultan Husain and the religious situation of Shi’a within his sphere, seeks to examine and explain the causes of the Sultan’s tendency towards Shi’ism and the consequences which his religious politics had for it.

Amin-ud-dowleh, a Qajar reformist statesman, and his policy in the national and foreign affairs have raised some contradictory judgments. His foreign policy that is on the focus of this research which is based on documentary analysis of his views, should be considered realistically within the political and international affairs of Qajar’s state. Although attracted to the Great Britain because of Russia’s threat, Amin-ud-dowleh should not be labeled as Britain’s agent in Iran. His foreign policy with the inclination to the Great Britain can be counted as the proximity to the third power principle.

The semantic evolution of words in the context of time represents a cultural, political, social, and economical process. The advantage of reviewing some influential words in human history is to reveal the relative developments and unfold many hidden historical facts from among the documents and events. The word “Deylam” has had a noticeable transformation and development in both linguistic and cultural aspects. Some linguistic theories contribute to define “Deylam” within its several applications. “Deylam”, initially the name of a tribe, has had more than twenty other meanings in history. Those meanings, regarding the name of the places they inhabit, were formed in limitation, development and transformation.

Bombing parliament caused multiple unrests in and out of the country against Mohammad Ali shah in such extent that the general status of state and the legitimacy of administration became instable and weak by the liberals. Shah’s total disagreement to make a repeated unpleasant experience called National Parliament, lead to the establishment of “Governmental Parliament” instead, in which relied upon certain classes. The question now is what was the Governmental Parliament? Why was it established? What role it played and what social classes contributed in that parliament. Applying analytical approach this research approves that the Governmental parliament was a significant solution to get out of the crisis at Minor Tyranny time. The research also considers the advocates’ opinions as well as the parliament’s best and worst achievements. Findings show that Mohammad Ali Shah manipulating religion and targeting to destroy constitutional revolution established such a ceremonial appointed parliament to rule over the country just like his grandfather, Nasir-al-din-Shah. However, Mohammad Ali Shah’s desperate attempt failed by constitutionalists’ resistance which led to his fall from throne.

Focusing on the thought and political action of Salama Moussa in the realm of socialism this paper tries to evaluate the fundamental elements within the thought of above scholar. By reviewing his writings and his political attitudes it seems that the socialist Salama Mousa, adapting Fabin socialism, had been able to form a theory of his own compatible to his bio-universal attitude. This theory formed and applauded by Egyptian political environment did actually make him against so called the Socialist Revolution. The revolution might occur when the society is forced to or deviated from its natural path. In addition, he rejects Darwinian principle of survival in society although he accepts cooperation as a factor of development. He is against atheism and also puts stamp on establishing a democratic state. Moreover, he considers the intellectuals as influential figures for change where the labor could stand in the second place. Those fundamental elements represent an appropriate conformation of his thought with the characteristics of his society.