JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES OF ISLAM
Year:2015 | Volume:7 | Issue:25|Papers Count:7

The social system in Arabian Peninsula in pre Islamic era remained tribalclan with no particular form of integrated social unity in this region. It was more affected by multitude population, dominated traditions and illiteracy in terms of education and civilization. Influencing the type of the administration system over the various parts of peninsula, it rather determined the type of supremacy over the region either compatible or incompatible with social system developments. Consequently, while the tribe itself made the only social unit in some parts of the land, some developed areas experienced a great consolidation within the sort of integrated tribal form as a large social unit. This influenced the trend of administration system as well as making diversity in ruling system according to the particular social units in the region.Investigating on the types of supremacy in three major parts of Arabian Peninsula in pre Islamic era, this study accomplished by manipulating Weber’s Traditional Supremacy Typology. According to the findings, there has to be three types of supremacy over the peninsula at that time: Senior supremacy, paternal supremacy and patriarchy.

Muslim conquests starting from the demise of the Holy Prophet (Pbuh) in Abubakr’s time and its continuation during Omar-bin-Khattab and Othman’s caliphate terminated in Imam Ali’s (Pbuh) time. The reason for this termination is not because of the internal crisis or civil conflicts faced by Imam, but it originated from Imam Ali’s prospect towards creation, mankind, human rights, and society.In order to evaluate the aforementioned claim, the present study, designed in three sections (an introduction and two sections), tries to present and provide reasons for the termination of the conquests during Imam Ali’s caliphate.Examining different viewpoints regarding Imam’s prospect towards creation, being, and mankind, the present paper tries first to provide the historical facts about Imam’s conduct and attitude on the conquests in general. It then moves on to his approach and attitudes towards conquests carried out before his caliphate. The research adopted a qualitative method through an analytical-descriptive approach on the basis of historical facts, studies and sources.

Taj- uddin- Mo’taz Khorasani an Iranian statesman in Rome Saljuq era was one of the devotees of Mowlana Jalal - eddin - Rumi. He was in charge of tax affairs in Rokn - oddin –Ghlich Arsalan IV, in Ghostmunieh and Anghore, Anatolia.Having a strong tie between the statesman and Mowlana, as the former used to visit Mowlana frequently and the latter calling him “Townsman”, “ noble of Khorasan” and “supreme companion”, Mowlana seemingly had several writings to him asking for sorting out his devotees as well as other’s problematic issues in the region. Taj- au -ddin Mo’taz Khorasani made a great contribution to Mowlavieh sect by building some schools and monasteries in Anatolia all for his sincere devotion to Iranaian culture and to support Mowlana himself as Iranian poet and theosophist.This study focuses on Taj- au -ddin Mo’taz Khorasani’s biography and his role in Islamic Iran’s cultural and theosophical improvement in Anatolia region as an influential Iranian vizir in Rome-Saljuq’s era.

Rusification in its cultural aspect was an attempt for the cultural annexation of Transoxiana to the Russian civilization in Czarism, which by no means was similar to the European culture. According to this policy Russian colonizers, opposed to Islam, targeted on Transoxiana’s Religious organizations and Educational System. The trend of this process in the field of education, applying by Russian representatives who used to call the Islamic organizations “the centre of Islamic fanaticism”, and then the reaction of Muslims to this critical subject is one the most pivotal concerns in this period. The plan was to restrain the governmental support from old fashioned educational system. It would eventually lead to fail and eliminate the old schools in competition with Russian alternative institutions so called Russian Schools or Russian – Indigenous Schools.Contrary to the Russian expectations, a new kind of local educational system was formed instead, namely, New Principles schools (Madares- e Asl- e- no/ Jadid). The structural pattern although was imported, it was in a great extent successful and made Russian to take a crusial turning point in their domination policy.

Endowment enjoys a special status as a value within the Islamic society. This practice has grown and thrived in the history of Iran, especially at the Safavid period, for several reasons, including formal recognition of Shi’ism; and has left profound impacts on different aspects of life. Among other things, its role can be noticed in geographical development and creation of urban spaces. Mashhad is one of such cities, and perhaps the most important one.Although many independent books and articles have been written on endowment and even its impact on some cities has been studied, no comprehensive research has been conducted concerning the impact of endowment on making geographical changes and creating urban spaces in Mashhad in the Safavid period. Thus, the present writing is intended to address the role of endowment in development of water supplies, development of inner city spaces, immigrant acceptance, and population attraction in the Safavid period in Mashahd. This has done through using library sources, endowment deeds, and valuable documents relating to financial and accountancy issues of endowed properties, available in AQR archive center. The method adopted is descriptive-analytical approach.

Slavery in Indian subcontinent, a function of different variables from religion to social and legal system, led to a dynamic system relevant to Indian socio- political environment.The main objective of this article is to redefine Slavery in terms of Domestic Slavery which has been paid less attention in the social history of slavery in Islamic studies.Based on Allahabad documents, the study reveals that dispersed forms of slavery system in India in late Timurid time eventually got shaped within the frame of domestic slavery followed by “Constant Kinship Slavery”. In this system slavery is considered as the reflection of “property” and “possession” process. In addition, an extra attempt has been taken to conceptually unfold some sophisticated terms and metaphors within the documents to introduce new prospects as well as fresh fields in research. Some illustrations of such terms would be mentioned as: slave- in- contract, slave- in- sell, slave- in- gift, slave- in- debt, slave- in- marriage and so on. The findings also made us to face with some categories so- called Slavery Intention and Commercial and Noncommercial Domestic Slavery.In this research the matter of date, from late Timurid India in late 18th century to the first half of 19th century, under the British ruling, is carefully observed. It has to be emphasized that in this research the jurisprudential and legal aspects of Islamic slavery is out of concern.

Rostam Farokhzad, an influential figure of the late Sasanids had a key role in the coronation of Yazdgerd III who then promoted him to be his supreme commander in chief of his military. Rostam Farrokhzad had an effective role in fighting against Arabs and even as chief commander he dispatched the troops in the battle of Qadesiah between Iranians and Muslims in 14 AH/636 AD to 16 AH/ 638 AD,. Muslim historians argue that Rostam Farokhzad used to be pro Muslims however he was afraid of fighting with Arabs. Even he was attracted to Islam, according to some narratives, but feared to reveal it due to the objection of top leaders.The main issue of this research is to critically analyze the relevant narratives about Farrokhzad while the investigation around his personality and his policy in negotiation with Arabs has also been never done before. The findings show that Rostam’s declination of war against Arabs is not true since he was looking for some new approaches to rebuff Arabs.Applying descriptive analytic method and based on the narratives in Islamic resources, this research studies on Rostam’s performance in Qadesieh by analyzing relevant narratives critically.