JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES OF ISLAM
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:38 |Papers Count:7

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 was one the great incidents of history that brought along a new ideology and entered it into political scene of the world. The leaders of this revolution centered on Lenin, put forward socialistic thoughts and they believed that religion prevented the development of society. Meanwhile, in the early years of Bolshevik revolution, one-six of the community was made up of Muslims and in daily life, they observed Islamic customs and manifestations of Islamic culture were evident in all aspects of their lives. The main issue in this article is that how the Bolsheviks influenced Muslims during early years of revolution and spread Communist thoughts among them. In this paper, we are going to study the course of the policy of Soviet government toward Muslims in early years of revolution relying on documents and works of Russian researchers. Actually, Bolsheviks succeeded by adopting tolerance policies in early years in the field of culture, education etc., caught Muslims’ attention and spread Communist ideology among them; however, they changed their attitude afterward that will be studied later in the paper.

Fes is one of the most important, most distinctive and most influential capitals in the Islamic civilization in al-Maghreb al-Aqsa, established by Idris-ibne-Idriss-ibne-Abdullah (803-828 AD) in the middle of the year 808-809 AD. The cultural and civilization influence level of Fes in al-Maghreb al-Aqsa is determined by some factors such as its deep and precise location. Accordingly, this research tries to examine the geographical and political factors influencing this location. The results of the research show that the political and geographical threats and deterrents inside and outside the sovereignty led Idris II to transfer his capital from the remote and non-strategic city “ Walilay” as the political center of the barbarians of Urabeh near the realm of Umayyad of al-Andalus to the central place at the heart of al-Maghreb al-Aqsa. In this regard, he could find a relative security, in addition to getting away from the center of the ambitious chiefs of Urabeh tribal and settling in an independent capital with a new structure and nature against the possible attacks of Umayyads of al-Andalus (756-1031 AD). By deployingin the middle of al-Maghreb al-Aqsa observing important and strategic areas of al-Maghreb al-Aqsa and al-Maghreb al-Awsat, and movements of rival regimes such as Benurustam (778-909 AD) and Benuemedrar (823-977 AD), he was able to monitor parts of the Atlantic. In this location, enjoying a privileged position in commercial and strategic planning, a privileged environment and defensive issues were taken to achieve a lasting and influential capital.

Louis Massignon was a French Orientalist who is regarded among the prominent researchers in Shi'a studies. He applied scientific methodologies in his works and his valuable perspectives. The raised question of the present paper is, "What were the methodologies and perspectives that Louis Massignon applied in Shi'a studies? ” Although some of his viewpoints contains scientific mistakes, his studies were all based on scientific methodologies. Louis Massignon's viewpoints, methodologies and sympathetic introspection with Muslims are analyzed in the present paper by means of a descriptive – analytical approach in order to assess his judgments and their relations with scientific methodologies of his work. Louis Massignon had tendencies toward Zionism in his early scientific works, however later on when Zionists' criminality came to the light, he started opposing them severely. Even he stood against his own country's government to support oppressed Muslims of Algeria. Massignon's works suffer from some deficiencies and mistakes on several subjects such as succession of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the Hadith of Ghadir and the definition of the term 'Mawla', brotherhood between Imam 'Ali (AS) and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and Imamate in Zaydism and Isma'ilism. Moreover, other mistakes in some of his works included not mentioning the references and selective reading, which was because of having an extreme mystic-Sufi attitude. It seems that such viewpoints of Massignon were similar to those of his phenomenology approach. In fact, the methodology he applied was rather sympathetic introspection; he did not believe in supporting Islam and Shi'ism.

Civil wars and the siege of Tabriz during the Minor Tyranny period caused widespread insecurity and spread of chaos. Insecurity has hit a strike on the Tabriz’ economy. In the turbulent atmosphere of Tabriz, many large domestic and foreign companies suffered great losses. One of the damaged companies was the agency of the Anglo-Swiss Ziegler & Co. in Tabriz, which during this period experienced its most prosperous economic activities in Iran. A significant portion of the damage sustained by Ziegler & Co. was caused by the plunder of government forces headed by Rahim Khan Chelbianlou and Shokrullah Khan Shoja Nezam Marandi. The properties in the warehouses and representative offices of foreign companies based in Tabriz, including Ziegler & Co., was plundered by government forces during the Tabriz civil war. The deployment of these warehouses and dealers in the Tabriz market (Majid Al-Mulk shops) and location of the market between constitutional and state forces intensified the level of this plunder. Another part of these damages came to the roads leading to Tabriz, especially the Tabriz-Ottoman (Tabriz-Trabzon) and Tabriz-Russia (Tabriz-Jolfa) routes. Due to the chaos and insecurity prevailing in the state of Azerbaijan during the Minor Tyranny period, much of the postal items and properties of the caravans in the abovementioned routes were looted. A significant portion of these items and properties belonged to foreign companies, including Ziegler & Co. This looting caused the protests of embassies and consulates of European governments such as Britain, Germany and France. These governments, and at the top of them, the British Government, worked hard to enforce the rights of the affected companies, especially Ziegler & Co. The present study seeks to investigate the material losses suffered by the company during the civil wars via library and archival resources and in a descriptive-analytical method, while studies the economic activities of Ziegler & Co. in Tabriz during the days of Minor Tyranny.

Press as one of the major sources of information and one of the most effective media outlets plays a decisive role in the political and social transformations of countries. In the contemporary history of our country, the press has a prominent position and the study of developments in the contemporary history of the country, will be incomplete if the role of the press are to be neglected. The status of schools and the education during Naser-al-Din Shah and Mozafar-al-Din Shah's period and its impact on the progress of the country and the prevention from retardedness is among the events in which the press played an active role in promoting its foundations and features. Iran's retardedness in the Qajar era and the rapid development of the West led many intellectuals of that period to seek to answer the question of what factors led to the retardedness of Iran and the development of the West. Some publications, such as Persian newspapers, "Hekmat", "Thuraya", "Parvaresh", "Chehrehnama" and "Kamal", which were published in Egypt and were secretly entered Iran due to the repression reigning in Iran, focused on the cultural components of development, and called Iranians for the establishment and expansion of schools, and played an important role in waking Iranians inside and outside the country. In this paper, the authors have analyzed the content of the newspapers for the purpose of answering to this question.

The Safavid dynasty is one of the most important periods in Iranian history, when knowledge and science was honored. In addition to the political importance of this era, the advent of the Safavid government is also of great importance in terms of religion and social aspect; since due to the formation of this government and the establishment of the Shi'a religion, the Imamieh educational system flourished. The founder of the Safavid dynasty, Shah Isma'il I, provided the foundations for the establishment of educational institutions to legitimize his political system. In this era, under the influence of the immense growth of Iranian culture and civilization, the educational system also experienced significant changes. This system, along with its many virtues, had some shortcomings and disadvantages. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the fundamental question that “ What were the advantages and disadvantages of Imamieh educational system in the Safavid era? ” The findings of the research, which is based on the descriptive-analytical method and by reviewing the resources and researches related to that period, especially the book Riaz al-Olma, show some of these advantages and disadvantages. Construction of mosques, schools, libraries and translation and compilation of the book in Persian, paying attention to calligraphy, painting, architecture, inviting scholars from Jebel Amel, Bahrain, Iraq, and providing necessities for women to continue their studies, fundraising, paying sufficient salaries to the teachers as well as paying scholarships to students are among the merits of the Imamieh educational system in the Safavid era. Meanwhile excessive interpretations, annotations on books, paying no attention to the specialization of science, the failure to comply with pre-requirements and corporal punishment in schools are among the disadvantage of Imamieh educational system.

Just war is one of the issues discussed in the ethics of war and seeks to limit the scope of war and its destructive consequences. The just war in the Islamic area has also been considered under the jurisprudence of war. In this paper, the researcher, choosing Alavi sira, while paying attention to the wars of the Amir al-Mu'minin (a. s. ), believes that it is necessary to extract the indicators of just war. This study was carried out by studying the Alawi's military Sira in two areas of the right and practice of warfare in the three wars, i. e. Jamal, Safin and Nehranan. The outcome of this research can be divided into two main parts. The first part is obtaining the key questions of just warfare in conventional theories and the second part is answering them from the point of view of Amir al-Mu'minin’ s Sira. In the first part, the questions include, who? (Authority), why? (just Cause), when? (Necessity), with what purpose? (Right Intent) and how? (Fair behavior). In the second part, with applying those questions to Alawi's military Sira, it is concluded that the authority to the issuance of the command of war is no one other than the legitimate Muslim caliph. The cause of the war can be the disturbance of security and the emergence of social gaps due to forgetting allegiance. In Amir al-Mu'minin’ s (a. s. ) Sira, war is rarely necessary, and his tolerance is up to the point that he only uses sword as the last resort and when the enemies do so. In general, the purpose of the war can be confronting with distortions of society. In response to the question of fair behavior, it can be said that the Imam Ali’ s Sira in war was so that the enemy was safe when the sword was laid down and the dignity of women, the wounded and the captives was always preserved.