POLITICAL ORGANIZING OF SPACE
Year:2021 | Volume:3 | Issue:3|Papers Count:6

Rural economy is considered as an economic foundation due to providing food security and essential goods for a country. Therefore, any threat to this type of economy can have many negative consequences on other dimensions of economy. The spread of the Corona Virus has had various effects on the world economy, especially on the rural economy. This research tries to study and analyze the economic effects of the Corona Virus outbreak on the village of Upper Eshkevar. The present research is applied in terms of its goal and is descriptive-analytic in terms of method. The nature of data is quantitative and qualitative and the method of data collection is based on library and field findings. Data analysis is based on future study techniques including interaction analysis. The research findings show that, four main factors including unsustainable employment, unsustainable income, increasing rural poverty and decreasing in investment are in association with COVID-19 effects. Based on t-test and Pearson, it can be said that the economic effects of Corona Virus have averaged 4. 44, which shows a significant difference (p> 0. 05). It can be said that Corona Virus has had significant effects on the economy of Eshkor Alia village.

Coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, and continued to be studied until the mid-1980s. The virus is naturally prevalent in mammals and birds, yet seven human-transmitted coronaviruses have been discovered so far,the most important of these, SARS Acute Respiratory Syndrome or acute respiratory syndrome, was a dangerous viral respiratory disease of genetic origin caused by coronavirus and from November 2002 to July 2003, the outbreak in Southern China caused 8098 cases. Possible disease and death of 774 people in 17 countries, and now since December 2019, another and more dangerous type called COVID-19 has spread with the human epidemic in Wuhan, China and in a short time has spread all over the world. China was the source of the virus, as well as the first country to stop it's spread to a large extent, but other countries failed to contain the virus despite their ability to contain it. Why? The answer is simple: "It is a matter of policy and approach, not power! " Another issue is "change",as cities begin to recede and move toward recovery, the consequences of the epidemic will lead to new norms. In this article, we have tried to study the process of crisis management in several countries of the world in facing with this virus and the extent of damages to the citizens of these countries until April 30, 2021.

Oil as the most important strategic commodity in Southwest Asian countries has a particular political and economic weight. Prior to the instability in oil prices which began in late 2013, the macroeconomic challenges were managed by the oil states. With the collection of systematic geopolitical rivalries in Southwest Asia, the emergence of alternative oils in the United States of America and turbulence in Geo-economic areas of the Middle East, major challenges in the political economy of oil-producing countries have been created. The Islamic Republic of Iran as one of the oil centers of Southwest Asia has experienced unstable oil prices in line with a set of challenges. Given the strategic importance of oil in Iran's political and economic basket, the present study examines the role of the structure-agency in political economy of oil in Iran. The research approach is based on the Structuration theory. The results indicate that the heterogeneity of structure-agency within the framework of the increased participation of government and interrupter factors with the economic-political background, are among the major challenges in Iran’, s political economy of oil. Therefore, systematic management and integration of structure-agency can handle the challenges of Iran's income from oil prices.

The Iranian-Islamic city is a city based on Islamic rules, ethics and spirituality. Islamic spirituality is one of the spiritual stages of human beings, which has a high position in human perfection from the perspective of Shiite thought. Spirituality in Islamic thought which prevail in religious, devotional and prayer spaces can be perceived and received. With this description, the purpose of this article is to recognize the place of spirituality in the identity of Iranian-Islamic cities. The present study is descriptiveanalytic and data gathering procedure is based on library findings. The findings of this study show that addressing spirituality can be effective through adherence to Islamic ethics, celebrating religious rites and rituals, developing religious spaces to promote spirituality and spiritual spaces in Iranian Islamic cities. Spirituality in Iranian-Islamic cities can be manifested in events, activities and collective and individual behaviors and morals which govern them, or in the natural and artificial environment and physical space and buildings that have been built based on Islamic rules. In a way that every newcomer feels this in the city and in addition contributes to the spiritual growth of human beings. Respect for morality and adherence to Islamic principles such as the rights of God, the rights of the soul, the rights of other human beings, the rights of nature can lead to the formation of lasting spirituality.

The world is faced with new threats which have taken complex nature day by day. One of these treats is environmental degradation which is a direct threat to human life and human being. For this reason, the EU and the EU member states have understood the importance of this threat from 1960 onwards and have tried planning of the space, appropriately. This article using descriptive-analytic method tries to investigate the EU experience in the domain of environmental policy making and it believes that this can be useful in optimal environmental policy making in Iran. The research findings show that the EU most important strategies and action plans (in the horizon of 2030) are as follows: biodiversity, chemicals and jungle strategies and circular economy and environmental action plans. Besides, the EU has had action plans to confront with energy, water and food crises which are in relation with environmental issues and threats.

Provinces of Iran bordering with Iraq were battle fields during Iran-Iraq war and today are among tourist attracting places in Iran. The factors provoking tourists to see these regions are important to characterize because the needs of the tourists should be identified and supplied. This paper tries to characterize factors driving and provoking the tourists who visit battle fields in Kermanshah. The research method adopted here is field finding and the data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings (N= 384) methods. The T-test and Friedman Test are used to analyze the data. The research sample includes the tourists who visited battle fields in Kermanshah in 2018. Random sampling is used to reach the required sample. The research results show that driving factors are more effective than attracting factors in journey to visit the battle fields in Kermanshah. Political-national identity, perseverance, curiosity and self-flourishing factors are among the most important driving factors with 3. 32, 2. 85, 2. 37 and 1. 45 mean rank, respectively. And location holiness, leisure and necessity are among the most important attracting factors with 2. 59, 1. 72 and 1. 69 mean rank, respectively.