NAMEH-YE OLUM-E EJTEMAI
Year:2002 | Volume:NEW | Issue:19|Papers Count:13

In this article, football has been considered and studied as a social cultural modernization context. From the researchers point of view, football is a prevalent context in which it has been presented and supported by the new social forces quite voluntarily. Today football has been considered not only as a fair play but also as a life context. At the end, the researcher has tried to demonstrate what this new status means, on the basis of a Weberian approach, or what the nature of this new event is.

The civilized world, in order not to do violence on the "other", imposes many limitations on bodily activities. These limitations show themselves in interpersonal manners and institutionally sanctioned regulations. According to Norbert Elias, persons in modern times must constantly control themselves and undergo various disciplines. Based on this theoretical framework, one may consider the certain degree of violence in sport centers as bodily playfulness. Sport centers can be considered as a suitable place for the emergence of the behaviors which are not usually taken as normal and common.

In this article, football has been considered and studied from a historical perspeCtive in Iran, Based on the historical events of football, the researcher has tried to reconstruct the major factors of violence in football.

The main subject of this study is to find the elements and obstacles of soccer violence. The researcher would like to know how the violence is the result of cultural and social poverty from the viewpoint of viewers. Considering the youth age excitement and probable youth contact between viewers and football celebrities, a research questionnaire was designed. The findings were then tested. The main two characteristics of Azadi Stadium viewers are that they are young, and watching football between high level teams, therefore the violence between the young is more probable. One of the findings suggests that the excitement of football for the younger generations is associated with high emotions and energy. Football is the only cheap exciting sport and the main hobby for the young generation, esp. the students and the unemployed are widely attracted. But the young exciting behaviors should not necessarily lead to youth violence. Therefore, releasing the excitement behavior is educatable, and can stop the violence. Violence materials such as firing material or using bad words can transfer the violence behavior from thesoccer viewers through the celebrities (mainly football players). Some of the selected conclusions of this study are as follows: Providing general culture improvement through the mass media and sport newspapers; producing the other kinds of entertainment; youth employment; etc. are some of the probable solutions. The exciting behavior of youth should be educated family, school and the mass media; training the sport counseler is suggested. Police participation should be well planned and they should be specifically trained to resolve football violence.

In this article, first a major question has been posed. Why are there violence and conflicts inside or outside the sports centers? It is the violence which may lead to a serious riot. This research has been done through the selective - combinative and mainly qualitative method. After the classification of these conflicts and violence before, during, and after the football matches and inside or outside the stadiums, the researcher has thoroughly investigated the possibilities and conditions for the emergence of these conflicts and violence.

In this article, the researcher has studied football as a cultural trend. Then, in this framework, he has considered the social and cultural functions of football in Iran. Here, the interdisciplinary concept of football along with its consequences and side effects and its relationship with the other levels, such as the linguistic, anthropological, and communicative ones in Iran have been put forward. Then, it has been tried to determine how the football fans have behavioral interactions; the individual or social ones.

In this article, football has been considered and studied, from an anthropological perspective, as a fully social event. It has been attempted to examine and survey the carnival and collective behaviors related to football as a subculture. Then, its relationship with the other cultural and social phenomena has been demonstrated. Carnivals and football festivals are suitable atmospheres in which the individuals and various groups try to promote their symbolic positions. Hence, a carnival or festival plays an important part in forming the identity element. In these national carnivals, i.e., football festivals, the marginal groups are activated and play a significant role in forming the cultural values and identity. Thus, football is a suitable atmosphere for the emergence of the social individuality . Based on the field research findings, one may conclude that the various aspects of this carnival subculture in Iran are as follows: Dancing; using fire materials; breaking the things around; changing womens clothes; not feeling socially apart; taking advantage of forbidden symbolism; telling jokes; saying bad words; etc. The carnival subculture in Iran may be noticed in flags, clothes, make-up, horns, noise-making, dancing, and sometimes few riots.

In this article, the researchers have tried to define the concepts of aggressiveness and violence along with their differentiation. Then, they have surveyed the theories concerning the aggressiveness and violence in sports. A major question has been posed and scientifically answered. What is the violence in sports and what factors are effective in its emergence? The biological approach and the theory of unsuccessfulness - aggressiveness concern the general nature of violence and aggressiveness. While in the sociological theories much attention is paid to the mobbing factors regarding the violence in sports. In this article, it has been tried to demonstrate the deficiencies of any of these theories. In the end, based on a combination of Clarkes social pathology and structural functionalism viewpoints, the researchers present their descriptive-causal model so as to study the pathological dimensions of the football fans behaviors in Iran.

In this article, the nature of violence in football has been surveyed. Based on the conceptual framework of collective behavior, the researcher has studied the football fans and spectators. They are formless, spontaneous, and extremely excited masses. In this article, football has also been considered as a suitable social context for exhausting the feelings and excitements which have been suppressed in modem society.

In this paper, following a brief discussion of the main aspects of Wittgenstein s later philosophy which has made it appealing to social scientists, the promises of this philosophy for the idea of social sciences are critically examined. It is also argued that although a number of practitioners in the various fields of social sciences have found Wittgenstein s later philosophy congenial to their researches, and despite the heuristic worth of the later Wittgensteins insights, his approach suffers from some serious shortcomings. The overall effect of these conceptual defects is to endanger the" objectivity" of the researcher carried out in social sciences and to render the epistemic value of such research suspects.

This article first reviews the literature on the transition from the Fordist to Post -Fordist industrial system during the last three decades. Particular attention is paid to an important aspect of this transformation, the decline in the degree of the vertical integration of large firms and the rise of subcontracting relations in industrial societies. The role of social institutions and norms in facilitating the formation of such relations is investigated. In the second part, the researcher studies the trends in subcontracting relations among the Iranian manufacturing establishments during 1976-1997. Both the economic and social aspects are looked at in an attempt to explain the very limited nature of such relations.

The paper briefly explains the characteristics and capabilities of ICTs. It proceeds with a review of the interactions between communications, information and politics. ICTs have astonishingly developed the potentials of the traditional mass media, i.e., the press, radio, television, in terms of time, space as well as social distance and interactivity. These transformations present the increasing possibilities for the .npowerment of direct and representation democracy. Governments have different roles in relation to the ICTs, such as, being initiators, investors, users, and regulators. Achieving these functions results in the digitalization of the governing and creation of an electronic government, i.e., e-government, or briefly as e-gov. E-government, in turn, expands democratic processes in the society and also develops public services. In this paper, the effects of the three levels of e-government, i.e., information, communication, and transaction, in the various areas of government-society interrelations, such as G2C, G2B, C2B, etc. are discussed.