Geography
Year:2022 | Volume:20 | Issue:73|Papers Count:10

Introduction: In recent decades, the rapid urbanization and uneven growth of inefficient urban centers, especially, on the one hand, and the underdevelopment of rural areas on the other, as well as the complex interplay of rural-urban areas, have emerged. Therefore, particular attention to inter-settlement relations, with an emphasis on settlement integration and striving for constructive relations, eventually establishing rural-urban links. Although scholarly studies of urban-rural relations in Iran rely primarily on the studies of Hans Bobek (1938 and 1948) and Eckart Ehlers (1975a, 1975b, 1976a, 1976b), the global history of the debate about the obligation to integrate the human settlements, based on settlement networks should be further searched in the discussions of Walter Christaller (1933). Methodology: The main research method is deductive method, based on the framework of the spatial arrangement approach with emphasis on the characteristics of the regional networks. In this regard, the collection of the necessary information and data was based on two methods: documentation-library data collections and field methods, based on interviews and use of questionnaires, in particular to identify different spatial flows in the area and their impacts on rural and urban linkages. Similarly, in the analysis and presentation of the findings, GIS and SPSS software have been used. Results and Discussion: In recent years, at the level of developing countries, the emphasis on the need to improve these relations and the establishment of rural-urban links in the form of regional networks, refers mainly to the studies of Douglas (1998) and in Iran, it goes back to the first study in this regard (Saidi, 2003) and the subsequent studies (Ibid, 2011 and 1999). The study area after the Islamic Revolution (1979), especially in the last decades, was like many other areas, under the influence of various socio-cultural, economic and political factors and forces, and thus witnessing the physical-spatial transformation of rural settlements and therefore changes in their longstanding relationships with urban centers, especially the central cities. The result of such developments has been manifested in the form of various social, economic and population flows. So, the main issue of this research is the extent to which these developments have been able to pave the way for positive physical-spatial developments in the area and, as a result, to complement complementary Reciprocal rural-urban relations and links. Thus, the main research questions are how rural-urban relations have affected the physicalspatial development of rural settlements and how can these existing relations be transformed into complementary relations and Reciprocal rural-urban links? Conclusion: The results show that due to some structural problems, e. g. irreconcilable administrativepolitical divisions and some structural weaknesses of villages in the periphery of the main city, despite the physical-spatial changes of rural and urban settlements, the necessary conditions for the actualization the necessary spatial functions could not develop to more coherently and complementary form, emerging reciprocal relations and links between rural and urban settlements. What has contributed to this situation has been the lack of spatial planning in line with the physical and socio-economic conditions of the area.

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to study and study the housing of Sanandaj in terms of stability of physical elements. Because the houses of Sanandaj have a unique architectural style and construction style, this architectural style is taken from their traditions and cultures and is studied according to natural features, and they have been able to have a beautiful view of the combination of nature and It brought human activities such as traditional housing and doubled the richness of culture and tourism. Location, general shape of housing and general texture of the city are also closely related to the type of livelihood and the form of production and its economic resources. However, despite various bottlenecks to achieve the desired development in Sanandaj, it is necessary to measure and evaluate the dimensions of housing sustainability in Sanandaj. Because housing, in addition to having a variety of natural attractions and landscapes, can become attractive places for development due to cultural backgrounds, traditions and customs. Traditional houses in the historical context of Sanandaj are a successful example of human endeavor to create a living space by creating maximum material and spiritual comfort in the face of harsh climatic conditions. Today, the neglect of these houses has become so great that if we procrastinate a little longer, all their cultural, identity and architectural values will soon be buried behind the original non-original constructions. Trying to record the features and patterns of these houses can be a way to preserve these patterns and prevent them from being forgotten due to destruction and guarantee their stability, along with protection, restoration and restoration solutions. Therefore, determining the areas of development affecting the sustainability of urban housing and then providing the basis for private-public sector investment in Sanandaj can be one of the objectives of this study. With this approach, the mental gap of the present article is based on the following: What are the most important factors affecting the housing stability of Sanandaj in physical terms? Methodology: The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical method according to the objectives of the research (measuring the structure of contemporary sustainable housing based on the physical components of indigenous architecture). The statistical population of the study includes the population of Sanandaj which is 412767 people. The sample size was obtained through Cochran's formula, which was equal to 383 people. The random sampling method was simple. In terms of time, the present article is cross-sectional. The questionnaire is set in 5 options on a Likert scale. For the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of professors and experts were used by calculating the content validity ratio for each item, and the need for its presence in the questionnaire was determined based on the table of Lavsche. Cronbach's alpha was used for the reliability of the questions, which was equal to 0. 88, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the research tool. It was concluded that the questionnaire has a high reliability. Calculations were performed in SPSS and Mplus software. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the aesthetic factor with a factor load of 0. 87 has the greatest impact on contemporary sustainable housing in Sanandaj. After that, the building facade covering factor with a factor load of 0. 82 is in the second row, the building strength factor with a factor load of 0. 75 is in the third row, and the factor of having the necessary facilities and services with a factor load of 0. 75 are in the fourth row. . The following analysis of the indicators is as follows: in the aesthetic factor, the human scale with a factor load of 0. 92, the coordination of the openings with the walls with a factor load of 0. 91, the visual balance and symmetry with a factor load of 0. 90, the architectural style With a factor load of 0. 86, geometric proportions with a factor load of 0. 76 were placed in the next rows in terms of influencing the aesthetic stability factor. In terms of the facade covering factor, the use of non-eco-friendly materials with a factor load of 0. 85 has the greatest impact in terms of stability, followed by the combined use of ecofriendly and non-eco-friendly materials with a factor load of 0. 83 and the use of materials. Ecotourism with a factor load of 0. 78. In terms of the strength of the building in the stability of contemporary housing in Sanandaj, the effect of residential units in energy savings with a factor load of 0. 82 and the durability of the structure with a factor load of 0. 72 and the durability of materials with a factor load of 0. 71 in the rows Next are the effects. In terms of having the necessary facilities and services, the rate of having facilities with a factor load of 0. 69, the amount of access to facilities with a factor load of 0. 67, the rate of having a residential unit with space with a factor load of 0. 63 and satisfaction with housing architecture with Factor loads of 0. 61 were placed in the next rows. Conclusion: Residential houses in Sanandaj city had four aspects in terms of physicality, the strength of the building, beauty, having facilities to cover the facade of the building. These four aspects, in each building group, had their own characteristics that were appropriate to their social, economic, political and cultural situation. In fact, the type of culture and life of human beings will have a significant impact on the types of residential spaces. What is worth considering is the role of the architect in all four aspects of the building type, so that the architect was trying to meet the architectural demands while constructing the structure. However, considering the role of the contemporary architect in architectural design apart from the building structure, measures should be taken so that even structural design is part of the architectural design process.

Introduction: The rapid increase in urbanization in recent decades,has led to unbalanced growth of space and population and centralization and externalization of activity, which in turn has led to spatial, economic and social inequalities. Prominent examples of these inequalities are the emergence and intensification of deprivation in cities. Assessing the level of development of urban areas and awareness of the pattern of spatial distribution of deprivation is the first step in planning and implementing deprivation policies in urban areas. The city of Isfahan, during the past decades due to the large number of immigrants, unbridled population growth, lifestyle changes and. . ., has encountered problems that have caused imbalances in the development of different neighborhoods, so that the elimination of deprivation from poor neighborhoods has been at the top of the concerns of planners. But not paying attention to all aspects of deprivation has led to cross-sectional and unconscious interventions. The purpose of this study is to identify deprived areas of Isfahan based on a comprehensive view and help plan deprivation elimination based on specific deprivation aspects of each region and neighborhood. Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and its statistical population is 192 neighborhoods of Isfahan. The data required for the research have been extracted and collected mainly through library studies and registration data available in statistics related to the city of Isfahan and some based on subjective data (citizens’,general needs assessment in the year 95). To determine the degree of deprivation in Isfahan, two methods of TOPSIS and Factor Analysis were used. In order to calculate the deprivation by TOPSIS method, the collected indicators were ranked in the form of a questionnaire and using the opinion of 25 Municipality experts and using the pairwise comparison method in the form of hierarchical analysis and Factor Analysis, with Expert Choice11 software. Then, the coefficient of proximity to the optimal point was determined and the deprivation rank of each neighborhood was examined separately for each of the dimensions as well as the combination of the four dimensions. In the Factor Analysis method, after calling the information in SPSS software, KMO and Bartlett statistical tests were performed to check the appropriateness of the questions and also to check the non-zero correlation matrix, and then the factors were extracted and the deprivation index was calculated. In the end, the results obtained in both methods were transferred to ArcMap software and deprivation zoning maps were prepared and analyzed. Dimensions and number of indicators used in this article are: economic dimension including 6 indicators, socio-cultural dimension including 11 indicators, physical dimension including 12 indicators and environmental dimension including 5 indicators. Results and Discussion: Comparing the results of the study of deprivation in four dimensions, it was found that the zoning of deprivation has significant differences in each of the dimensions so that it can be seen that the growth and development of Isfahan is not balanced in different dimensions and there are neighborhoods that are physically privileged but culturally, socially or biologically are deprived. Also, in general, comparing the results of the two used methods, indicates that in general, the extent of deprivation obtained in the TOPSIS method is greater than the Factor Analysis method. Examination of repetition results table of the situation in each neighborhood shows that in the TOPSIS method, only 9% of the 192 neighborhoods surveyed had the same situation in economic, cultural, social, physical and environmental dimensions. Also, in this method, 39% of the neighborhoods had the same situation in three dimensions of the mentioned dimensions and other neighborhoods (52%) had different situations in the other two dimensions. In contrast, in the Factor Analysis method, 39% of neighborhoods had the same situation in four dimensions. 28% of neighborhoods were in the same situation in three dimensions and 41% of neighborhoods were in the same situation in two dimensions in terms of deprivation. In this regard, the authors believe that the results of factor analysis are closer to reality. The results of TOPSIS technique determine a deprivation strip including neighborhoods in the northeast, northern parts of the central regions and most of the western regions. In Factor Analysis method, this issue includes three main zones: east, northeast and west. In both methods, most areas of Isfahan have a combination of deprived, relatively deprived and privileged neighborhoods, but based on the zoning specified in both methods, neighborhoods in the north of the river, such as areas 2, 7, 9, 11, 14 and parts of areas 1 and 3 are in a worse position. Conclusion: The obtained results regarding the deprivation of neighborhoods and its compliance with the demarcation map of 15 districts of Isfahan show that most areas of Isfahan have a combination of affluent, relatively deprived and deprived neighborhoods. This confirms the theory of mixing of settlements and strata in this city and shows that the bipolar pattern of spatial settlement of rich and poor neighborhoods that exists in some cities, especially in Tehran, does not apply to Isfahan. Due to this fact and also the difference in the type and spatial location of neighborhood deprivation, it is clear that it is not possible to provide a prescription to eliminate deprivation of low-income areas and neighborhoods. Therefore, proposals should be submitted in accordance with the type and amount of deprivation of each zone. In this regard, considering that the old neighborhoods are facing both physical exhaustion and inability to maintain social and human capital, as well as the lack of access to proper communication network and insufficient per capita urban services,special focus on endogenous development pattern and definition of development stimulus projects in accordance with the historical status of these contexts and with emphasis on tourism activities is very helpful. In the case of marginal areas, where all types of deprivation are observed in most of them, deprivation should be eliminated in a comprehensive manner, and first of all, improving the texture of these neighborhoods and observing justice in serving these neighborhoods is on the agenda and measures should be taken in accordance with their strengths and weaknesses. For example in the western part of Isfahan with natural tourism and food,can take actions to prosper the tissue, empower the residents and finally eliminate the deprivation. In the northeastern neighborhoods, which are facing deprivation in most dimensions, it is necessary to plan by defining development-stimulating projects and cultural-recreational projects, and so on.

Introduction: The goal of rural development is to improve the quality of life and achieve a healthy life by meeting all the basic needs of rural society. One of the new topics that has attracted the attention of researchers in various sciences today is the level of Happiness of rural communities, which indicates the degree of prosperity of rural people. Due to the settlement of 44. 7% of the world's population in rural areas and the existence of rural issues and problems such as population evacuation, rural living standards, attention to the Happiness and Happiness of rural areas is part of the goals of politicians in different countries. The happiness of the society, especially in rural communities, is one of the effective factors in economic, cultural, social and political development and reduces family disorders, increases the desire for education, employment and increases production. Therefore, given that freshness and Happiness are a function of various factors,Economic, social, institutional-managerial, environmental, psychological, physical and geographical. The existence of Happiness is considered as one of the criteria for the sustainability and development of societies. Therefore, in order to increase Happiness and thus achieve sustainable rural development due to the relationship between sustainable rural development and Happiness, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting the Happiness and Happiness of the study area. Methodology: The results of the structural equation model of factors affecting the well-being of rural households in Torbat-e Heydarieh show that all economic, social, institutional-managerial, personal, psychological-psychological, physical, environmental and geographical factors are able to improve the well-being of rural households. To explain. However, the path coefficients affected by various factors showed that the economic factor with a path coefficient of 0. 41 has the highest factor load. Then, respectively, the institutional-managerial factor with a coefficient of 0. 37, the social factor with a coefficient of 0. 28, the personal-psychological factor with a coefficient of 0. 28, the physical factor with a coefficient of 0. 27, the environmental factor with a coefficient of 0. 21, the enjoyment factor with the path coefficient of 0. 18 and finally the geographical factor with the coefficient of 0. 14 are in the next ranks. Results and Discussion: The results of one-sample t-test of factors affecting the Happiness of rural households in Torbate Heydarieh show that all economic, social, institutional-managerial, personal, psychologicalpsychological, physical, environmental and geographical factors are capable of Happiness. Explain rural households. However, the economic factor, with a numerical value of 4. 128, has the greatest impact on Happiness. Institutional-managerial factor with a value of 3. 966, social factor with a value of 3. 965, enjoyment factor with a value of 3. 925, personal-psychological factor with a value of 3. 675, physical factor with a value of 3. 503, environmental factor respectively with the value of 2. 430 and finally the geographical factor with the numerical value of 2. 404 are in the next ranks. Conclusion: The results of the study of indicators affecting Happiness showed that among the economic indicators, two indicators of income and savings have a greater effect on the Happiness and Happiness of rural households. Among the social indicators, the level of health and the existence of social security have played the most important role in increasing Happiness. Among the institutional indicators, two indicators of institutional trust and institutional support and support had the greatest impact on Happiness and Happiness. Given that the level of household enjoyment is associated with increased well-being and well-being of households, and the provision of rural services and education, in addition to the mental aspect, can also affect the objective dimensions. The three indices of texture, rural passages and rural infrastructure related to the physical factor also had the greatest effects on the well-being of rural households, respectively. Considering that in geographical studies, environment and geographical factors are as factors that can affect human nature, soul and psyche, among the indicators of these two factors, landscape indicators, green space of the environment Village, rainfall pattern and climate in the villages of the region have also affected the Happiness of the people, which is an internal factor.

Introduction: Today, critical realism as an interdisciplinary approach especially in field of urban and regional studies creates positive and significant differences. Issues of methodology have strong relations with explanation and priority of agency together with theory structures. In this paper, critical realism, that is in contrast with epistemological positions of traditional and predominant approaches of positivism, has been considered as synthetic and dialectical insight to mean theory of urban and regional planning. Methodology: Critical realism allows using of method of natural sciences in social sciences, but rejects positivistic perspective in favor of alternative perspective. In reproductive strategy of critical realism, a theory or explanation comes from by affirmation of existence hypothesized mechanisms and structures that are responsible for development of observable, regular succession. In this strategy, models have essential roles. These are used for abstract description of regular succession or studying events. According to critical realism Paradigm, whatever researches tend to searching causative structures and mechanisms, researches take qualitative and abstract aspect. But if researches tend to concrete events and studying things, mainly researches take quantitative and concrete aspect. Critical realism presents a methodological perspective which takes a critical stance towards positivism and hermeneutics on the one hand and tries to integrate strong points from both theories of science on the other hand. Contemporary critical realism is formulated by Roy Bhaskar and his like-minded circle of British colleagues. If we take explanation to be the core purpose of science critical realism seems to emphasis thinking instead of experiencing, and especially the process of abstraction from the domains of the actual and the empirical world to the transfactual mechanisms of the real world. This kind of thinking has made Bhaskar talking about ‘, transcendental realism’,in his early writings, emphasizing the crossing of the divide between the empirical and the speculative activities of scientific work. This is so because the experienced world of events is not explainable in terms of the empirical facts, but only by way of incorporating non-experienced mechanisms incorporated in objects which may be within or outside our domain of investigation. In this study, relationships between agents that are producer of result of development classified based on critical realism into two categories and three levels: mechanisms or policies for tourism (the real) provides guidelines for the tourism industry, and agents and stakeholders (the actual), that instructions in different ways to produce different results that have already been experienced in cities (the empirical) explain. Results and Discussion: Comprehensive perspective of city as a system that has the related social, physical, economic and institutional subsystems, is similar to critical realism. Logic of communication which theorized critical realism, help to comprehensive perspective of urban systems (structure) with interrelated subsystems. Of course, when urban systems versus open social systems, are considered as a closed social system, distance from comprehensive of critical realism. Since critical realism take account to both environmental constrains and structures and effective forces and decision-makers, it can be adequate as a integrated approach for studying relation between city sociospatial organization and its agencies, and with organizing ‘, planning theory’,provide qualitative appraisal of existing solutions and options. From view point of critical realism, focus is wrong logic, on prediction, universal and objective knowledge, explanatory statistical models and Poperian theory in context of scientific and falsification criteria in comprehensive model. Planning theory examines realities and values as well as tools and goals in connection with each other and not independently. Bhaskar suggest processing planning theory that involves shaping goals and identifying and spreading options, in contrast decision-making paradigm limits right of choice among presented options and predetermined goals (instrumental logic model). Critical realism with dialectic insight between realms of environment and society has created internal relation in shape of new and rooted phenomen. In spite of identifying differences between tow realms, should confirm that their layered and internal linkages connect in the fundamental unity to each other. However, unification in light of lawful mechanisms and structures which act in form of paraphenomen or antiphenomen, aim of urban and regional studies. Empiricism and positivism study sociospacial phenomena by pure focus on observable events generally. However, as critical realism suggests, causative interpretation behind the sociospatial events are not reveal by research method of empiricism and positives, because they focus only on observable and regular events. In critical realism, we see some instances of ‘, planning theory’,that aim to mixing and creating relation between different combatting realms. Conclusion: Critical realism provides a dialectic direction for reorganizing of planning theory and referred to integrated frameworks that mix abstract and concrete concepts like as global and local, appearance and content, geography (place) and history (time) rather than they treat as bottleneck. Dialectic factor that explains practices between individuals and emphasizes on universality of society, is necessary means for widespread social transformation and critical realism appear in realm of social practice of individuals and brings about self-consciousness and liberty of humans. Moreover, as a socio-special component, it awares us about theory of regional development. Critical realism challenges paradigms of up to bottom development,these paradigms are regional drivers for development and regional diversity hidden influences of global and national changes, as well. This paper showed that instead abstract understanding of planning theories and categorizing these to essence and process according to epistemology of critical realism that practice-theory interaction is its sensitivity, theories are understanded by mediation of temporal and spatial position, and urban and regional studies are leaded to theories that have much more normative aspect and integrate essence-process dualism to each other.

Introduction: Drought is a normal fact of temporal and spatial fluctuations of climate and can occur in any type of climate. Drought is a persistent and abnormal lack of moisture over a period of time, usually one year. In this definition, the word continuous refers to the persistence of a state of deficiency and the word abnormal refers to the deviation of the desired index from the normal (average) conditions. This phenomenon, as a natural disaster and an inevitable phenomenon, has been occurring in a wide range of countries for a long time. Studies show that the West Asian region, due to its geographical and climatic conditions, like many countries in the world, especially North Africa is not in a good position in terms of water supply. Methodology: In this study, SPEI networked data with a spatial resolution of 0. 5 by 0. 5 degrees,Used over a statistical period of 118 years (1901-2018). This index is a relatively new index of drought and is based on the developed SPI. In this study, first, drought critical points were estimated and calculated for each of the time periods of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 months, and after extracting the critical points, taking into account the geographical coordinates of the points in the networked data, The point of the main network was extracted and after extracting the data of each point which included 1416 months during the 118 years of the statistical period, the time trend of the critical network points was analyzed. Extensive critical points of severe and extensive droughts have been extracted from long-term cumulative maps (ASPEI) of the study area, which are in fact the negative accumulation of SPEI in each time period of the study period of 118 years. After drawing ASPEI maps for each time period of SPEI, two critical points are identified and the trend of their time changes is examined. Results and Discussion,The results and findings of the study show that based on negative ASPEI values, critical areas of one-month drought are visible in the Arabian Peninsula and Yemen, as well as in the southern regions of Iran. The largest widespread and severe one-month long-term droughts occurred in western and central Saudi Arabia, all of Yemen, southwestern Oman, and southern Iran. Drought is more severe in central Yemen and western Saudi Arabia. During the quarter, critical areas on the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, as well as in southern Iran and parts of southern and eastern Iraq, central Afghanistan and northwest They are from Turkmenistan. Areas of severe crisis in Yemen and western Saudi Arabia. The largest widespread and severe long-term quarterly droughts occurred in western Saudi Arabia, all of Yemen, southwestern Oman, and southern Iran. Drought is intensifying in central Yemen and western Saudi Arabia. The six-month drought is visible on the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, as well as in southern Iran and parts of southern and eastern Iraq, central Afghanistan, and northwestern Turkmenistan. The largest widespread and severe long-term six-month droughts occurred in western Saudi Arabia, all of Yemen, southwestern Oman, and southern Iran. Drought is intensifying in central Yemen and western Saudi Arabia. The severity of the 12-month drought is visible in Yemen and southern Iran, as well as in parts of southern and eastern Iraq, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, and northwestern Turkmenistan. The largest widespread and severe 12-month long-term droughts occurred in western Saudi Arabia, all of Yemen, southwestern Oman, and southern Iran. Drought is more severe in central Yemen and southern Iran. The Kendall Man test for these areas, as shown in the table, indicates a significant and continuous trend of occurrence and intensification of droughts in the study period and in the future. Conclusion: The study of drought change based on climate change is important from various aspects. This study was conducted to estimate and calculate the drought critical points for each of the time periods of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 months and the time trend of the critical network points during a statistical period of 118 years (1901-2018). According to the results obtained in the study area, the greatest impact of drought in Yemen has been the central and southern parts of Iran and the west and Saudi Arabia. So that in all long-term periods, the main and severe drought is seen in these areas. Also, some regions of Iran, such as the western, eastern and southeastern regions, have been affected by severe droughts. In Yemen and western Oman, the drought situation is visible in all long-term periods, and in Iraq, except in the one-month period, and the whole drought core is concentrated in eastern Iraq. Turkey, Turkmenistan, Pakistan and Afghanistan are also experiencing limited drought. In the mentioned countries, western and southern regions of Turkey,Northwestern region of Turkmenistan,The western regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan are more affected by drought than any other region. Only 12 months of drought is observed in Azerbaijan. But in Armenia we do not see drought in any of the periods. According to the spatial map of 12-month periods, it can be seen that the severity of droughts has decreased, but the area of drought-affected areas has increased significantly. Due to the selection of hotspot areas from different areas of the region, we saw the trend of increasing droughts during the study period. Although this trend has increased slightly until the 1990s, it has been high in the last two decades. This (increasing) trend is observed in all identified areas.

Introduction: The first generation of land banks emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century as local government institutions in St. Louis, Cleveland, Louisville, and Atlanta. Their main task is to provide land for the coordinated development of the city and to provide it with suitable conditions for the implementation of urban development programs. The establishment of a land bank will also ensure that government and public organizations have access to the land market to provide public services in cities. In general, land banks do not intend to replace the functioning of private markets, but to help in cases where market conditions are poor. Therefore, the adoption of effective strategies to increase land supply and stabilize its relatively balanced price at the city level is emphasized by urban planners and economic development theorists. This study seeks to evaluate the policy of creating a land bank through qualitative content analysis to identify its goals, advantages, weaknesses and problems and finally a suitable model for establishing a favorable system in relation to the land bank. Therefore, this study seeks to answer three questions: 1-What is the purpose of establishing a land bank in Iran? 2-What are the weaknesses and problems of Zamin Bank? 3-What should be the optimal model of land bank policy? Methodology: In this research, which is developmental-applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method, content analysis method has been used. By referring to the articles, researches, research projects and writings that have been done in the field of land bank and related materials, a statistical community of 28 articles and reports and documents in the field of land and housing bank policy is included. The objectives of the land bank policy, the weaknesses and challenges facing it and the appropriate model of this policy have been extracted from them. The titles and specifications of each of the documents and articles used are given in Table (1). Content analysis method can be used to examine the obvious content of messages in a text. In this method, explicit content and messages are described systematically and quantitatively. Therefore, this method can be considered as a method of converting qualitative data into quantitative data. Content analysis is a convenient way to answer questions about the content of a message. Results and Discussion: The research findings showed that in relation to the policy objectives of the land bank, 16 initial codes were extracted and then each of these codes in 6 concepts called land database, preventing the dominance of real estate capitalism over activity Supporting vulnerable and low-income groups, Increasing land efficiency and desirability, Institutional capacity building and Land monitoring and control were classified into two main categories including management. Land integration and creating distributive justice in society were separated. In connection with the weaknesses and problems of the land bank policy, 27 initial codes were extracted and then each of these codes in 5 concepts entitled “, Improper implementation of cadastre in the country, Defective administrative cycle, Legal factors, “, Factors Financial and cultural and social factors were categorized. Finally, a main category entitled Weaknesses and problems of land bank implementation was raised and in connection with the desired model, 17 initial codes were extracted and then each of these codes in 8 concepts entitled Using the successful experiences of other countries In the field of land bank policy, Proper implementation of cadastre in the country, Revenue sources and financing, Development of an integrated and coherent vision in the field of land and housing and Development of operational strategies for land management to move towards balance And distributive justice were categorized, and finally a favorable and efficient model was presented in relation to the policy of the land bank. Conclusion: Land banks are government entities that acquire and collect vacant, tax-free and unused property for short-term or long-term strategic development purposes. These banks offer creative and flexible solutions for using unproductive or undesirable properties. Research shows that land banking can achieve optimal allocation of land resources and boost the process of intensive construction, which is widely considered to be a key part of the core concept of sustainable urban development. Doing this kind of research on land bank investment and key metrics can be a valuable step in increasing your chances of investment success. Different types of information are used in the decision-making process for land bank development projects, which can ultimately help produce the most accurate decision. This necessity is clearly seen in the cities of our country. Today, many cultural and physical economic anomalies are observed in our cities, such as the entry of demand for mere capital in land transactions (land trading), the prevailing idea of trading and land grabbing, increasing the cost of municipal services, lack of economic justification for investing in production, gradual inflation in the economy Urban, the existence of dilapidated inner-city areas and suburbs and informal settlements, the creation of heterogeneous urban textures, etc. are all problems that indicate the lack of proper policy in the land sector.

Introduction: Most countries (even the United States and Europe) are made up of many ethnic groups. This ethnic diversity can be a source of numerous political, ethnic-tribal, etc., challenges, as well as provide opportunities for the growth and development of the country and be a source of power. The ethnic and religious components and groups of the Iranian nation have a geographicalspatial sequence beyond the political borders of Iran, which have economic, social, and cultural interactions with each other. Ethnicities, in our country and, of course, in many countries, although they have played an important role in promoting cultural heritage, political and economic growth and development, and defending the territorial integrity of the country against threats, the developments that have taken place internally and externally show that this same ethnic diversity and ethnicity can, in a way, become a factor in the emergence of new threats and challenges. Undoubtedly, all the challenges and limitations faced by ethnic groups can be considered a serious obstacle to the formation of national identity and, of course, public order and security. Given the concerns and concerns about cultural and ethnic diversity in Iranian society and its consequences, this study aims to validate the multidimensional identity of Iranians (which itself can be a source of contradiction, conflict, and incompatibility and a source of unity) to examine and analyze the challenges of society's advancement concerning Arabethnic group with emphasis on the SWOT model, and enumerate strategies of convergence and reduction of divergence among the Arab-ethnic group. Methodology: This qualitative-exploratory paper is based on the theory of Cohen and Minion (1996) and has been done using the SWOT model. Considering that the selection of participants in the qualitative research is made to obtain the most information about the phenomenon under study, therefore in this study, the statistical population of four classes or groups of "Deputies, Heads of Departments, and Experts of the Ministry of Intelligence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, " "Elites and Professors of Political Science and Political Sociology in the Region, " "Regional Political Officials, " "Leaders of Regional Thoughts" were selected. Due to the quality of the research, the sampling method is non-probability and purposeful (heterogeneous: according to the four statistical populations mentioned above). Results and Discussion: Based on all the calculations and analyzes performed in this study, it can be seen that the fourth strategy, "addressing the problems of ethnic groups, especially the Arab people in the field of elimination of deprivations and. . . " (S4), ranked first among other strategies. "The strategy of monitoring the performance and activity of gasoline and CNG stations and testing the fuel supplied to be free of chemicals and construction activities such as it" (S8) has the second rank among other strategies. Due to sustainable and comprehensive development in this strategy, its high importance is evident. " The strategy of holding interactive meetings with members of the Ministry of Intelligence of the Islamic Republic of Iran and members of the Security Council to review strategies to strengthen the relations between the elders and influential tribes and other heads who are scattered, with the government and". . . (S5), also has the third rank third among strategies. "The information control strategy of the families of the disappeared, the socially dissatisfied and the like " (S3) is another essential strategy to achieve public and national security. "Continuous implementation of spatial and regional cleanup plans at different time intervals in the province, especially in areas contaminated with illegal weapons and other crimes" (S6), has the fifth rank among other strategies. "Strategy for creating centers, campaigns, and virtual media for exchanging knowledge and cultural products, making more use of the capacity of competent and local managers to prevent extremist and extremist currents, etc. " (S7) is in the sixth rank of the proposed strategies contract. Strategies for coordination and cooperation between the judiciary and the prisons organization as much as possible in dealing appropriately and decisively with thugs and not granting them leave on certain days,implementing plans to fight against thugs and activating resources and informants and taking preventive measures regarding the identification and arrest of thugs (S1), and expanding resources and informants in the meetings held by the parties regarding the holding of upcoming elections and monitoring the activities of candidates in cyberspace (S2),despite their high importance, they are ranked last due to their emphasis on one dimension of security. Conclusion: According to the totality of the analyses performed, it is observed that the proposed strategies are necessary for each other. The above prioritization only determines the temporal priority of the strategies over each other, and is based on the ethnic conditions of the region and beyond. And to achieve public and national security, it is necessary to pay attention to all these strategies and develop an action plan for strategies. By regularizing and implementing the strategies resulting from the above strategic plan, attention to ethnic issues will be such that it is possible to develop the region and space to achieve the goals and vision of development and increase public and national security.

Introduction: Handicrafts value chain is an economic system that includes a set of actors and commercial activities whose business along each other leads to the evolution and trade of the product, from the primary producers to the final consumers, and for each of the actors in the network, economic value. creates On the other hand, the tourism industry is also the closest industry to handicrafts, which can play a vital role in creating and expanding the handicrafts market. Because buying souvenirs is one of the most important and popular activities of tourists, and about 33% of the total travel time is spent on shopping, and on the other hand, souvenirs in the form of handicrafts are very popular among tourists, especially tourists with high income levels. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to create situations and opportunities for local people and enable them to participate in the tourism sector and help local producers in providing the necessary goods and services and reducing the import of those products. Methodology: This applied research has analyzed the value chain structure of handicrafts in Metkazin village with documentary and field methods in 2019. Data processing and analysis were done using SPSS V. 23 and Smart PLS V. 3 software. Results and Discussion: This study is divided into 4 general sections,1-Preparing a questionnaire to determine the value chain of handicrafts on rural tourism. 2-Completing the questionnaire by experts (professors, experts from related organizations, craftsmen). 3-Data analysis 4-Identification of the most effective factors on the development of rural tourism,Done. Findings: The hypothesis of the effect of handicrafts value chain on the development of rural tourism was confirmed with a regression coefficient of 0. 749. The results show that the two actors of this chain, namely the producer and the government facilitator, had the highest direct and positive impact on the development of rural tourism, and the two activities of supplying raw materials and finishing (packaging) had negative and inverse effects on the development of the tourism economy. Conclusion: According to the results, the influence coefficient of the two levels of wholesalers and retailers is small and insignificant, and in reality, the physical presence of merchants and physical and virtual stores, permanent and local markets, and distribution networks in the region are weak and the sale of these Products have been limited to seasonal exhibitions and partial orders, and the need to use new technologies and e-commerce for market development is obvious and necessary.

Introduction: We live with goods in geographical space,Living with objects requires their localization, adaptation, and placement. In fact, it is the relationship between goods and people and the way goods are placed in Special spaces, which creates a distinct material culture. On the other hand, goods establish their national identity by their physical presence at specific times and places by organizing a network of cultural elements of communication. A network of connections in which cultural connections are institutionalized and define the symbolic meaning of goods. Methodology: The methodology used in this research is qualitative in nature, that is, it is a research in which the findings produced are not the product of statistical procedures and information quantification, but qualitative methodology is an approach to social phenomena. Results and Discussion: Consumerism is one of the challenging fields for academic environments,Because it is both a sign of materialistic false consciousness and a sign of tactical proportionality of power. In such a way that in the face of the all-encompassing power of capital, it constitutes a kind of rebellious self-promotion. It should be clarified that none of these views are related to the proposed approach, i. e. attention to consumption as a part of daily life in certain environments and social connection with certain types of objects, i. e. goods. Conclusion: To conduct this research in the field of the material culture of symbolic goods and national identity, the national levels of the car as the important symbol of the auto industry of the twentieth century have been clarified. In sociology, the Keywords such as Fordism and post-Fordism indicate the importance of the car. The types of cars and the identities attributed to the car play an important role in the formation of material culture and influence concepts such as gender and independence. The results show that symbolic goods, such as cars, can be integrated into Culture and national identities, be practically and symbolically adapted to Various national spaces, and expand into emotional connections that harmonize ideas about national car cultures.