MAJLIS & RAHBORD
Year:2018 | Volume:25 | Issue:94 |Papers Count:14

Targeted Subsidies Reform plan has been one of the most controversial subjects in economic policy in Iran during the last decade. In this paper we try to answer two important questions through reviewing the reasoning of the law and the results of implementing the reforms. First, to what extent the goals of the Targeted Subsidies Reform law was achieved? And seconde, was the Targeted Subsidies Reform law coherent enough in its theoretical foundation to achieve its goals? Accordingly, this research is considered to be a fundamental theoretical research. In this regard, different information and data were collected using a library method and based on this information and other calculations, the answers to the research questions were extracted in an analytical-descriptive manner. It is shown that the law could not attain most of its goals such as: increasing energy efficiency, reducing energy intensity, enegy consumption per capita and production of environment Pollutants. Besides, calculating the amount of implicit subsidy before and after implementing the law shows that it could not reduce the amount of energy subsidy in the economy and also it could not reduce the burden of subsidies on government budget. And also it is shown that implemation of the reform plan had always extensive deviations from the law so that one of the reasons of the failure could be these deviations. Besides it is shown that considering weaknesses in the theoretical foundation of the law, it does not have the necessary capacity to realize the goals.

Social innovation is defined as approaches, Strategies, Process, Solutions, Products, and New innovational or improved organizational and institutional forms as a response to Social Issues within the framework of values and Norms. This Kind of innovation aims to empower people socially and provide satisfaction and efficiency both in Society and Governance as its final consequence. The present study is an attempt to review internal structure of national power by relying on social innovation. The ultimate goal of social innovation, problem solving and responding to community needs by improving existing solutions or new solutions. Social innovation to increase social resilience and thus build strength within the power assist system. The study, based on objective, functional development and in terms of collecting data, describing the survey. Researchers with the tools and methods to prepare a library of literature and concluded the discussions with Delphi method, the experts focused on the number fifteen. On the issue, little research has been done in the world, so it has enough depth to analyze the data requires the use of qualitative methods. Thus, according to the study's main purpose is to provide a conceptual model to understand the subtle aspects of the subject, content analysis method was used. In addition, to validate the results and final model based on point number eight experts was conducted. Findings were categorized into three classes, "what", "why" and "how" to build and organize the conceptual model was presented.

Emerging and expanding of rent seeking behavior due to distributing the value eliminating rents can have destructive consequences for economic growth, especially for a country like Iran which has bank based financing and also has economic activities in agricultural and industrial areas that need special protection. One of the channels for generating and keeping these rents in political economy field and also in the close relations of economic and political areas is legislation. Inefficient capturing of legislation prevents its main function serving public interest. In this study, after reviewing the theories about political economy of legislation in banking system, we investigate legislation and supervision of the banking system laws in Iran for 2005-2015 based on World Bank questionnaire and using library and interviewing method in three areas of legal activities, monitoring the shareholders and quality of central bank supervision. Findings show that weak legislation, enforcement and supervision due to weak performance guarantee and also existence of administrative soft law are the main current challenges.

The main question of this research is how individual candidates, political coalitions and the elected persons concerned with the target groups in their campaigns in Tenth Parliament Election in Tehran? A sample of campaign items of candidates, political parties and groups including 391 individual candidates and 23 parties and groups is studied. Content analysis is elected for analyzing the data. In this research, 10 groups identified as main groups subject to social exclusion: the religious and ethnic minorities, illiterate people, young people, unemployed people, poor, patients, elderly people, women, children and disabled people. The findings show the main concern of candidates was with young people and unemployed people, and then, with poor, women, patients, elderly people, children and disabled people. The religious and ethnic minorities, and illiterate people never mentioned in election campaigns.

In recent decades, terrorism increasingly has made business environment more insecure, and thus policy makers faced with two key questions: First, what are the economic forces for the emergence of terrorism? Second, how terrorism does influence business environment? We focus on MENA countries. According to literature, global trade and foreign investments need to raise and maintain the economic security. In some countries, terrorism can increase political risks and lead to isolation of these countries in the world. Present study tries to explore about terrorism originated in economic causes and its relationship with business environment in MENA countries. This research is an applied research according to its nature and its method of data collection is a descriptive study. In First section, we assess terrorism around the world and MENA. In second section, we study the effects of terrorism on business environment. Our results suggest that regional terrorism in the recent decade has had significant negative impact on indicators such as country risk level, investment and foreign trade in MENA region.

Institutional organizing of metropolitan regions is one of the controversial topics in political science, regional economics, and regional management that many problems in the management of metropolitan regions depends on it. This study with recognizing new need for global processes as well as isolated thoughts, policy-program segregation, functional segregation and territorial segregation metropolitan regions in Iran, has studied the structure of this system (metropolitan regions). In fact, this article with analytical method analyze management structure of metropolitan regions, and investigate modern and optimal structure for metropolitan regions. The results indicates vacuum of metropolitan regions management and the need for a restructuring at the local and provincial governments for formation of this management level, that this restructuring can be described as government of metropolitan region within a range of regionalism.

Iran's 20-year outlook had been set with purpose of achieving Iran as a developed country, with a first class economic, scientific and technological status in the region and the effective interaction in international relationships. The present article has an attempt on the purpose of evaluation of Iran's five-year development plans in achieving to the goals of the 20-year outlook. For this aim, the paper has been to evaluate and to analyze the policies, goals and the achieved resulting for the five-year development plans by indicators as privatization, structural adjustment & stabilization policies, income distribution, size of government, labor market & employment and productivity, and trade policies. The results of the calculating the composite index for sixth indicators from the first Five-year Development Plan till 5th one, indicate that the third development plan has the better performance by achieving to the economic goals (average rank: 1. 83). Also the first, second, fifth and forth development plans have to seeing in the next ranking respectively.

International relations has been witnessing of many Non – governmental players in the arena under the name of the Private Military and Security Companies (PMCs) in the recent decades. Their ever increasing growth and participation in Internal and international armed conflict have caused many problems. One of the most important of these problems is the determination of responsibility for unlawful activities of the PMSCs and ascertaining of the responsible state in this regards. The States have been divided into three groups; the state who employ the PMSCs, the state whom the PMSCs are national of it and the state which they play role in its territory. Now the problem is which state shall be responsible for unlawful activities of the PMSCs. This essay is going to ascertain due responsible for such acts based on valid International documents and regulations. Fortunately, there are two main internationally recognized documents; the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts ("Draft Articles") by the International Law Commission (ILC) in August 2001 and the Montreux Document which has been used by the author.

An important factor in economic development is the provision of sufficient capital for growth and development; which the various societies require to enter foreign capital and attract domestic capital, to provide it. This is while the developing and underdeveloped countries are facing a capital flight, which eliminate it, requires scientific and immersive studies to provide a solution. In this regard, the main objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting capital flight in selected oil’ s counties (Angola, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Malaysia, Nigeria and Tunisia) during the years 1352 to 1392; That's for doing it, the effects of GDP growth, exchange rates, political stability, financial freedom and degree of openness of the economy, on capital flight were examined by usage of Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares method. Results indicate that GDP growth. Results indicate that GDP growth and exchange rate effect positively and increase in political stability, financial freedom and openness had a negative effect on capital flight.

The existence of inequality and its various dimensions is one of the important signs of development, because in fact the countries that today are known as developed countries, while they have high economic and social indicators, the distribution of revenues and facilities is fairly fair. The present study is aimed at leveling 31 provinces of the country according to 93 indicators of development. The type of applied research and its method is analytical-comparative. For analysis of the indicators, the method of VICOR has been used. Findings in the health indicators section show that Tehran provinces with the lowest viyomites (Qi = 0) are in the first place and Zanjan province with the highest score (Qi =1). Thus, in the Northern Khorasan province, with a score of 0 (Qi = 0. 48) and Kohkiluyeh and Boyerahmad with Emitas (Qi = 997) in the Cultural Index of Khorasan Razavi with a score of (Qi =0) and Kohkilah and Boyer Ahmed with a score of (Qi =1) In physical indicators of Alborz province with a score of (Qi =0) and Ilam with a score of (Qi =1) in the social sector of Alborz province with a score of (Qi=0) and border of Ilam province with a score of(Qi =0. 997) In the economic sector, the province of Tehran with points (Qi = 0) and Gilan with the score (Qi = 0. 00017), in the migration section of Alborz province with points (Qi = 0) and Semnan with a score of (Qi =1), finally in the education sector of the province Chaharmahal Bakhtiari with points (Qi =0) and Fars province with a score Q (Qi =1) are placed in the first and last positions respectively. Finally, there are suggestions for improving the status of the provinces and maintaining the balance of the provinces.

The "NGOs" and the participation of these organizations in the criminal process is one of the effects of "cooperative criminal policy", which, in addition to the protection aspect of the victim, especially regarding the particular victim, plays an important role in the realization of the citizenship rights and the prevention of the secondary victimization. In addition, in areas where the plaintiff can not easily enter them and the proceeding is difficult, public organizations, which today are sometimes called "private prosecutors" or "quasi-prosecutors", interact with the prosecutor and try to protect the rights of the community and individuals in the debate about the declaration of the crime, adducing evidence, the protest against the sentences and so forth. In this article, considering the innovation of the criminal procedure code ratified in 1392, we have tried to investigate the criminal offense (article 66) regarding the participation of these organizations and the conditions for their intervention in the criminal process and the existing challenges and deficiencies in this regard, including the development of these organizations in Iran and the gap available in this field, will be analyzed and criticized.

Abstract: This study aims to examine the barriers to the implementation of the supervisory laws approved by the Iranian Parliament and provide a comprehensive model for monitoring public policies. In this paper, Kingdon’ s Multiple Streams Framework (MSF) has been used as the basis for the development of a framework for the system monitoring the general policies adopted by the Parliament. Methodology of the research is a combination of qualitative (documentary studies and Delphi method) and quantitative methods (field survey). Study population involves the current and former members of parliament (MPs) in the Program and Budget, Article 90, Economics, and Industries and Mines commissions along with executive directors of the Supreme Audit Court and the Management and Planning Organization (formerly the Program and Budget Organization) amounting to 576 subjects. The sample size was calculated using Cochran’ s formula to be 130. The results show that it is necessary to pay attention to the main strategies of the country adopted by the Expediency Council under the supervision of the Supreme Leader, and adapt the public policies related to economic affairs approved by the Parliament to the development plans of the IRI. Also, coordination and unity between the views and policies of the government and MPs, while keeping the independence of both, should be among the main elements of the system for monitoring good implementation of public policies approved by the Parliament.

Economic growth and development is one of the most important goals in any human society. To this aim, creating and developing economic activities is necessarily required and the most important precondition for economic actors to play their roles is stability and balance, that is, favorable business environment in the country; so that investors can be able to predict the outcome of their production, distribution, and investment through long-term calculations. The present study was conducted aiming at analysis and pathological investigation of business environment in Iran and comparing the results of 21 periods of national business environment surveys of the country with those of Markazi Province during the time period from March 21, 2011 to March 20, 2016. Studying the country’ s business environment and the extent to which the government supports business enterprises, it was revealed that business enterprises in the majority of the country’ s provinces do not enjoy suitable financial environment for activity both from the point of view of these business actors and according to Shane’ s General Theory of Entrepreneurship. Analyzing the results of the surveys and questionnaires filled out by business actors from all over the country during the mentioned period, it was shown that despite the position of Markazi Province in the category of provinces with a suitable business environment and remarkable improvement of business environment of this province in the recent years, the country results are the case in this province as well.

Regarding bounding policies on public sector activities from 80s in many countries, the ratio of public expenditure is increasing. The growth of government size and expenditure could result in unintended socio-economics impacts and understanding the roots and causes of phenomena is significant to control and correct its impacts. Theories related to the growth of governments has mentioned in public sector economics and political sciences. In respect of limited description of these theories, the core problem of this research is finding and building an integrated theoretical description of this phenomena and its impacts in Iran. An important fraction of public expenditure in Iran, as an oil exporting country, is dependent to oil sales revenue and regarding this point different conditions has constructed for governments growth and citizens’ belief about government expenditures. Also social changes and cultural transformations after Islamic revolution in Iran is a significant dimension of this search.