CRITICAL LANGUAGE & LITERARY STUDIES
Year:2010 | Volume:2 | Issue:3 (61/2)|Papers Count:8

Shakespeare's Sonnets are among the most prominent sonnet sequences written during the Renaissance. Different from his contemporaries, Shakespeare not only transforms the Italian form but offers a new treatment on the concept of love. In these sonnets, the concept of love seems to be related to time, beauty, death and immortality. Here, time is linear and the lover, with the help of new metaphors such as procreation attempts to immortalize his love by giving her/him everlasting beauty. As such, it appears that Shakespeare is practicing the traditional Platonic concept of love. In a Lacanian reading, however, we see that the lover, rather than immo841+rtalizing the beloved, is caught up in the duality between death and immortality. In other words, in his efforts to immortalize the beloved through procreation, the lover fails to accomplish and immortality is constantly postponed to a time in future. This essay attempts to study the metaphor of procreation as a means to immortality from a Lacanian point of view. After studying the relation between love and time, the major argument is too see whether the lover/poet is successful to immortalize his beloved or his wishes lead to death and dissolution.

Dramatic literature with its roots  in the 5th century (BQ is one of the major areas in literature along with the epic and lyric literature. This type of literature has been divided into tragedy and comedy since Aristotle's era up to the eighteenth century. One of the most famous world plays is definitely Oedipus Rex by Sophocles which is the best example of Aristotelian drama. The basis of this play is upon plot which is about the representation of will power and the major character's deliberation within a dramatic conflict. The objective of this type of drama is catharsis which is the result of empathy, pity and fear aroused in the audience. These effects take place only when the main character with his balanced characteristics falls into a kind of error or hamartia and becomes doomed. Another important principle in this type of drama is the three unities of place, time and action, three-act or five-act play and its three­ part structure (incentive moment, tragic moment, and denouement). The climax of such a play along with anagnorisis, peripetie, and the final excitement moment are the other features of such a play. The objective of this essay is to describe the major dramatic features of Aristotelian drama based upon Oedipus Rex so that Aristotle's ideas are clarified and the reader will have a comprehensive understanding of this type of drama and its impact on the audience.

The new theory of criticism calling into question the traditional mode that had governed the literary analyses during several centuries, tries to challenge the truth that this one pretends In explore. To encourage In reconsidering the meaning of Truth and introducing it as a subject out of the Traditional Criticism function or any other one, is the philosophy that confronts the New Criticism with its old and strong rival. Accepting the principle of "impossibility of reaching the Truth", the new critic presents his literary interpretation from his own point of view. So he looks for coherence in text that can justify his subjective interpretation from one of the linguistical, psychoanalytical, anthropological. theories. In this article, studying the principles of Traditional and New Criticism, we would compare their functions in the literature. Referring In the famous critics' theories, we will verify the New Criticism opinions and the horizon that this theory opens to the literature by commanding a free reading.

This article studies the historical development of Contrastive Analyses (CA). The historical studies of languages have a long story and are to seen always when languages contact each other. But CA begins refrain from old suggestions first in the 18. century with the works of Sir William jones, who has compared Sanskrit with European languages and has interested the linguists for this subject. This part of linguistics is developed then in four branches with different goals. The historical-comparing-linguistics studies the familiar relationships between languages to find a first old language. The language-typology sorts out languages, how these show grammar relationships. The areal-linguistics studies the neighborhood languages in the same geographic area without genetic relationships to find out their similarities. The contrastive Analyses occupies his self with foreign language learning and tries to propose how  L1 can help the learning of L2.

Letters in Shakespeare's plays form a significant motif which functions as a means of character and thematic delineation: what the letters unfold about the writer's character traits and about those of the readers in their response to these letters and also the way they complement the thematic pattern of the plays. Two letters are written by Hamlet in this play: one to Ophelia, which expresses Hamlet's pure love for her, and the other a forged letter to the king of England which suspends Hamlet's fate temporarily, punishes the bearers of the letter, his treacherous friends, and gives him a chance to fulfill his mission of revenging his father's murderer Claudius. In the present study, the first letter written by Ham let is going to be analyzed to find out what it reveals about Hamlet and about those who respond to this letter. The second letter is also going to be scrutinized to discover its signification as an agent of fate.

Giono's book may be analyzed according to the double prism of psychoanalysis and the imaginative sciences, following Gaston Bachelard ”et Gilbert Durant". From the First World War, which involved Giono, he kept many sequels to the soul and being accused of oollaborating with the Nazis during the Second World War also traumatized him and had atrocious consequences. This is why most of his books evoke his concern for the human condition in the world, the peculiarities of the man of the twentieth century. Having experienced the two world wars, destruction and death, the imaginary system of the author towards time, his thoughts on space, people and objects testify to his fear of the passage of time, and anything that helps him to get away from it all. This paper purports to study, how Giono's imaginary thought, analyses areas-spaces such as labyrinth, castle, stairs and window in "Un roi sans divertissment*.

In this research all of the text books of primary school studied in the academic year 1387- 88 are studied word by word. Words which have the intrusive/j/ or hamzeh" ء ".are collected and the degree of coordination in different text books of the same grade and also different grades of primary school is compared. Data collection is done through studying all the words of all the text books. Regarding the type of the research, data collection and analysis, the research is descriptive. All the books of different grades of primary school studied in the academic year 1387- 88 make the research population and because all the words in these books are considered, there is no randomization and all of them form the selected subjects. Data analysis is done through specifying the frequency and percentage of probable uncoordinations in the way the intrusive sound is written in the text books. The results show that in some of the text books individually and also among many of them compared with each other there are some uncoordinations in terms of using the intrusive sound /j/.