THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
Year:2018 | Volume:8 | Issue:29 |Papers Count:6

One of the famous Seyyeds groups in Islamic history is Sadat Hadhrami, which is attributed to the Hadramout area of Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula. These Seyyeds were among the great and famous clans such as Baalavi, Bafghiyeh, Balfjaghiyeh, Saghaf and Bataha. These people who were often members of the clergies, merchants and Sufis, lived for a long time in Tarim, one of the most important cities of Hadramout. Some of these Seyyeds migrated to various parts of the Indian Subcontinent and South-East Asia at the end of the sixth century (A. H. ). These Shafiite sect household had always sought to promote Islam and especially their own sect in those areas. Some of the Sultans and Muslim rulers in these areas also welcomed this group of Seyyeds and provided them with some important political and military positions. Moreover, these Hadhrami Seyyeds were engaged in other fields including Sufism, scientific and cultural fields. In addition to establishing Sufi traditions, they compiled books in areas such as dictionary compiling and medicine in various languages, such as Arabic and Urdu. This article, using descriptive and analytical method, seeks to answer this question: which parts of the Indian Subcontinent and South-East Asia did they migrate to?; and what role did they play in the religious, political, scientific and cultural affairs of these areas?

After a period of unkindness towards the Shiites during the reigns of the three first Seljuq monarchs (Tughril Baik, Alb Arsalan and Malikshah), especially from the middle of the Malikshah' power, we witness the gradual empowerment of the Imamites Shiite in the government affairs. In this paper, the effective factors in the process of strengthening the interaction of the Shiite community with the government and their participation in the political power and the management of governmental affairs during the Seljuq period are examined. The main question is that, in spite of the Seljuq religious policy, which supported the Sunni sect, how and why Shiites became keen to work with the Seljuq rulers and found it acceptable. According to the available data, it is assumed that the Shiites tended to cooperate with the government and governors and hold positions, such as Ministers to maintain their positions in the society according to the principles and foundations which were in their precepts and thoughts after the absence of Imam Mahdi.

Baninazir where one of the Jewish Medina tribes who signed a contract with the Holly Prophet (PCUH), but later they violated it. Study of their manners of confrontation with the Prophet in the Holy Quran is the main purpose of this article. The Quran view of this incident in terms of attitude and writing reflects how the Qur'an considers the historical events and reflects the quality of the processing of an event and its reflection with regards to the philosophy of the descent of this divine scripture. This research, which is descriptive-analytical and interpretative in nature, seeks to answer this question: How the Baninazir' Ghazveh is reflected in the Quran with an emphasis on the attitudinal and writing patterns of the historiography of the Quran? Since the purpose of the Holy Qur'an is the guidance of mankind, the structure of the historical reports in the Quran is a special structure oriented towards achieving this aim. The hint and the manner of the reflection of the Baninazir's Ghazveh in the Holy Quran require particular attention in terms of the attitudinal and writing patterns.

One of the important sources in the historical study of the customs, beliefs and general ethics of the Iranian society is the travelogues. Travelogue writers are sharp-sighted people who usually transmit their observations in a neutral manner. The main issue is that the persistence of the elements of social morality of the Iranian during the Safavid and Qajar dynasties were influenced by what factors, from the viewpoint of the European travelogue writers? The present study is conducted using descriptive-analytical method and implementing library resources to examine the social morality from the perspectives of the travelers in two dimensions: positive and negative, with a critical view. In addition to knowing the elements of culture from their viewpoints, the reasons for the creation and continuity of the cultural elements are identified. The results of the study showed that based on the European travelogues, the reasons for the creation and continuation of the cultural elements in Iran were mostly due to the external conditions caused by the imposition of the political power and social conditions, rather than being the product of the internal traits of the individuals.

Explaining the Approaches of Imamates Biographers towards the Holy Prophet's (PBUH) Tradition in the 2nd to 4th centuries (A. H), in addition to proving their interest to the Prophet's tradition, helps classify these approaches and explains the dominant conditions governing the Imamate biography. For this purpose, the Imamates scriptures on the Prophet's tradition were identified. Due to the loss, some of the remaining parts were analyzed using a comparative methodology. Investigation and speculation of these data showed that in the first centuries, the three main narratives, theological and historical approaches had dominated the Imamate's biography. In narrative and theological approaches, despite the differences in their method, the biographer attempts to present a meta-historical and transcendental face of the Prophet and seeks to prove the Prophet's and Ahlul Bayt's legitimacy, while in a few works written with a historical approach, the writer strives to present an actual and concrete historical picture of the Prophet by adhering to the elements of history including time, place, personality and event.

Fatalism is a belief in the attitude and beliefs of the public maintaining that the destiny of the man is already predetermined and all the affairs occur on predetermined basis. In such a belief, there is no place for human will and choice. In fact, believers in destiny believe that all affairs in the individual's social life depend on the forces and metaphysical factors. In this article, we try to root out the components and examples of fatalism in the Safavid era travelogues including: fortune, good and bad periods, autocracy and sanctified airs of the king from the views of the travelogue writers. The research findings indicate that fatalism in the Safavid era had a special status among the Iranians and the Safavid kings (both in the community and in the field of politics). This factor has not been omitted from the viewpoints of travelogue writer such as Shardin, Tavernieh, Campfir, Pietro Delawale, Sanson and Krasinozky, and they referred to it and its related components in different parts of their works. They believe that fatalism has penetrated the culture and customs of the Iranians, and they consider it as one of the cultural and social obstacles to the development of the society in the Safavid era.