Rasaneh
Year:2022 | Volume:33 | Issue:3 (128)|Papers Count:13

The purpose of this study was to analyze the representation of East and West in the cover images of National Geographic Magazine from its first issue until the end of 2000, and in this regard, all editions of this journal, during these 112 years that have had a cover image, have been analyzed and a total of 501 images have been analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The results of the research indicate that the main approach of this magazine has been to emphasize the progress and civilization of the West against the backwardness of the East. Also in this magazine, the East is associated with history, the femininity, childhood and old age, emotions, spirituality, poverty, tradition, and low-level ritual and economic activities, while the West is associated with civilization, masculinity, youth, logic, technology, wealth, modern and recreational and scientific activities. The results show that the Orientalist background of this journal has not disappeared over time. Rather, these stereotypes have been revived and strengthened in a new way. Today, the same colonial views of the past are seen with a more ornate appearance in which some old elements have been removed and new elements have been added. Thus, the legitimation of Western domination of the East in the earlier periods, with the demonstration of the inherent and essential superiority of the West, and in later periods by accepting the possibility of change and development in the East, provided the transfer of culture and technology from the West

Increasing attention to the richness of research works and the need for multimodal data, which provides the possibility of studying verbal and non-verbal aspects, has made researchers to use video methods. While these methods have become more popular over time, surveys show that there is still no structured study that can answer the ambiguities and doubts of raised by researchers in using these methods. Therefore, this study seeks to provide a guided and practical way to select, plan and successfully implement video research. For this purpose, by using and analyzing scattered and inconsistent studies of the past, which includes 105 internationally valid sources of practical and theoretical studies in the field of video method, the idea of this study is presented around a practical perspective. In this way, firstly, the epistemological foundation of video methods and approaches are presented, in which video research is basically conducted,then, a step-by-step framework is presented that can guide researchers in conducting video research to advance their research in the right direction.

Marketers, especially sports marketers, considering the integration of societies and the rapid development of social media, understand the importance of social media as a strong marketing tool and use these media to communicate with their customers. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the effect of social media marketing on the behavior of sport events fans. This research has been done with a survey method in terms of practical purpose. The statistical population of the present study included teachers and students of physical education who were members of fan pages for teams and sport events, and for data collection, according to Morgan's table, 384 questionnaires were distributed online among the available samples. The data was collected using the theory of planned behavior questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha method (86 percent). The results of the hypotheses test, using SPSS software, show that the fans' attitude did not have a positive and significant effect on their sport events behavior. But the positive and significant relationship of enjoyed pleasure, mental norms, perceived behavioral control, with the behavioral intention of fans of a sport events, based on the use of social media marketing, was confirmed.

The statement of the second step of the Revolution is a strategic and civilizational declaration issued by the Supreme Leader, as the leader and guide of the Islamic community, and major issues are raised in that statement, which must be implemented by the scholars through transforming the topics into practical solutions and strategies. Islamic civilization, as a valuable and profound concept, has been the objective of the Islamic Revolution, therefore, each step of it takes forty years, and the second step is based on a forty-year plan, so that a comprehensive Islamic civilization can be achieved. In this research work, which is based on the descriptive analytical method, in gathering information and comparing opinions, attention is paid first to the quality of the formation about Islamic civilization, and then the viewpoints, strategies and solutions put forward by the media are presented for the realization of the new Islamic civilization. Among the results of the research are: 1. The fundamental objective of the media is to create a sense of hope in the society. 2. Media strategies can generally be presented in three categories: persuasion of elites, direct influence, and motivating tendencies. 3. The media strategies are also summarized in six cases: strengthening the media, focusing on activating local search engines, producing mainstream media, promoting prominent people, focusing on high quality productions and the need to pay attention to honesty.

The rapid growth of communication technologies has made governments face the fact that a new form of diplomacy, namely “, media diplomacy”, , has entered the arena of international equations. From this perspective, compared to the conventional diplomacy, the media is considered aa a tool that politicians use to test their views and a tool to promote national interests. In the meantime, the media diplomacy for the Islamic Republic of Iran, in the post-JCPOA era by taking into account the withdrawal of the United States from the Nuclear Agreement and adoption of the strategy of "offensive realism" and the application of the "maximum pressure" against Iran, has become ever more important. Therefore, the current research, using the meta-combination analysis, in the framework of the theory of media convergence and considering the existing media capacity in Iran, investigates how the Islamic Republic of Iran, by using its media potentials, to employ the "Balance of Power Policy" and become more effective in changing the approach of the international community towards Iran. The results of this research show that the Islamic Republic of Iran, by using its media arms and redefining its national interests in new circumstances, and focusing on the two central areas of politics and public opinion and developing media cooperation with friendly and allied countries, such as China and Russia, to create a balance of power against America in the regional and global arena.

Considering that the most popular world radio and TV programs are sports programs and due to the extensive and special impact of sports media on their audience, the present study aims to investigate the extent of compliance with media ethics in the sports programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (sports programs of Channel 3, Sports TV and Sports Radio). The statistical population of this research was the students of different grades of physical education at Payam Noor University in Tehran. This research was carried out based on random-stratified sampling and the number of samples was 125 students based on Morgan’, s table. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire, using SPSS statistical software, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Levin and Tukey Tests, were used in accordance with the research hypotheses. The status of three variables of honesty, justice, responsibility of media ethics in sports programs was evaluated at a favorable level. According to the demographic variable of age, a significant difference was observed between students’,views on the component of media ethics and justice in sports programs. There was no significant difference between the groups of men and women in the variables of honesty, justice, responsibility and media ethics. Based on the findings of the research, it seems that maintaining and boosting motivation of people working in sports radio programs, factors such as increasing the financial and moral supports, is necessary in order to maintain compliance with media ethics.

Media managers, in critical situations, have different mental patterns, which are the basis of their attitude for making decisions on how to inform people. This study, using the Q method, seeks to answer the question, what kind of mental patterns do media managers have for providing information in crises time? Data analysis was done by collecting the discourse space in the Q method and implementing three phases of research namely domain review, systematic review and individual sources (interview), resulted in 85 propositions according to the opinion of the nominal group, as a sample of Q, 60 people of media managers, as a sample of available participants, performed the sorting of the Q sample in the Flash-Q software and in the form of a diagram with a Likert scale of-8 to +8, and by entering the data in the SPSS software and creating a Q data matrix and Q data set. Finally, the following three mental models were identified: 1. The mental model of skill-oriented managers supporting the effect of social media in crisis,2. The mental model of public relations-oriented managers who support information engineering in crisis,3. The mental model of knowledge-oriented managers who are critical of superficiality in crisis communication. Strengthening stronger mental patterns or correcting inefficient mental patterns in media organizations requires reforming management systems, designing a comprehensive crisis management system, and using expert consultants in media management.

Studies conducted on the social commerce show that such trading has rapidly grown in the past decade and continuation of this trend also indicates that social commerce has influenced the strategies of the companies. The main feature of this type of commerce includes, interaction among users, the content created by users and customer-oriented approach. Therefor, in this study, efforts have been made to explore the factors which contribute to customers of Instagram’, s social commerce services. Objective wise, this research work is applied type and in terms of nature, is a descriptive survey and for gathering the required data, laboratory and field method have been used. The statistic population of the study are all those Iranians that in Spring 2022 have used social commerce environments and specifically Instagram to purchase good and service. The sample population include 200 people who have been selected randomly. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by relevant experts and its reliability was confirmed by using Cronbach's alpha test. Analysis of the data indicates that factors that helps the customers to use services of social commerce of Instagram, include variables such as searching opportunity, evaluation, value creating, flexibility, accessibility, quality of services, attractiveness and innovation.

The outbreak of Coronavirus and at the same time economic crisis, has created special conditions for businesses in Iran. After months of store closures due to the Coronavirus pandemic, consumers and customers are very enthusiastic for impressive and extensive shopping experiences that augmented reality interactive technology can provide for them. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the moderating effect of augmented reality interactive technology on the relationship between Information Technology identity and self-reference in the electronic retail environment and specifically, in the DigiStyle electronic retail environment. For this purpose, questions and hypotheses were raised and in order to investigate the concerning questions and hypotheses, Digistyle electronic store customers were selected as a statistical population. The data of the current research has been collected through field methods and random sampling by means of an electronic questionnaire and its data has been analyzed with SPSS and Smart PLS software. All the hypotheses of the research were confirmed and in the final result it was also found that self-reference has a positive and significant impact on the identity of Information Technology with the moderating role of augmented reality interactive technology in the environment of electronic retail sales.

Economic problems are among the main challenges faced by Iranian newspapers. The aim of this research work is to identify the economic challenges of Iranian newspapers and ponder about the ways to tackle this chronic problem. The method used for this study is qualitative based on the Grounded Theory approach and in-depth interviews. The statistical community includes persons in charge of public and private newspapers and sample selection, by using an objective method, continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. By selecting 21 people, the research has achieved its objectives. Data analysis was done after three stages of coding (open, axial, and selective) using MAXQDA Software, and out of 188 open codes obtained, six classes of concepts were extracted and finally ten items, in order to get out of Problems were found, which are: putting media management alongside economic management, using corporate methods and integration of small newspapers, establishing protective laws and paying subsidies to private newspapers, paying attention to the cyber space and using written content based on social networks, reducing the control of the government over state owned newspapers, speeding up process of information dissemination and using new and applied technologies in the distribution system, independent production of raw and printing materials for newspapers, the use of qualified human resources, paying attention to reducing self-censorship, taking to account the fall of readers and establishing new laws for licensing newspapers.

Frame analysis is among the methods used for media studies. Following the publication of a paper by Robert Antman in 1993 paper, frame analysis has become an important method. Since Goffman introduced the concept of frame analysis and Antman applied it in the field of mass media analysis, researchers have used this method to understand how information is presented by print as well as other media outlets. Today, frame analysis conducted by Matthew Nisbet, has taken a new direction and is used in areas such as science communication and reflection on environmental problems, climate change, scientific issues, etc. Studies that have used frame analysis as a methodology, have benefited from various theoretical and methodological approaches, which have led to different practical definitions, and most of them have been experimental and specific to the objectives of the related study. This article aims to present a general formulation about qualitative frame analysis in news media, which begins by differentiating it from the quantitative and critical review and the qualitative approach, and recognizing the types of "hermeneutic or qualitative", "manual holistic", "reductionist" frame analysis and "linguistic and computer-oriented" and the weak and strong characteristics of both of them. Then, the relationship between frame analysis and other methods such as discourse analysis and content analysis have been discussed, and finally, their use has been explored in the research process.

The media, and cinema in particular, are among the institutions that contributes to development any country, which, according to their content, have a potential role in improving or eroding the social development indicators. Based on such potential and requirement for development, the present study with quantitative methodology, survey method and questionnaire technique, and in the framework of two theories of modeling and social expectations, the position of Iranian cinema and its impact on the desired indicators (in terms of positive or negative effect), has carried out an experimental test among 1216 moviegoers in Tehran. The findings showed that Iranian films did not have a positive effect on the lives of the audience, but at the same time, they played a role in changing social development indicators. Iranian cinema has played a positive role in improving the indicators of awareness, social communication, responsibility, collectivist values (populism, public commitment and altruism), familyism, attitude to marriage, egalitarianism and gender equality, and at the same time cinema has played a negative role in areas such as public trust indicators, institutional trust, social cohesion, social participation and civic involvement, citizenship, national identification, social identification, social acceptance, law abiding, decisions and choices, social vitality, hope, sense of social security, attitude towards childbearing and marital fidelity. The findings indicate that within the framework of the two theories of pattern making and social expectation, Iranian cinema has not had a relative role in improving social development indicators in the country.

Despite the expansion of new media outlets and transformation in extra-organizational communication, one of the most important tasks of Public Relations continues to be establishing of professional communication with the media. Public Relations need to cooperate with the media in order to convey their organizational messages to the general public and their organizational legitimacy depend on their cooperation with media. At the same time, the media also need to cooperate with Public Relations Department to produce and publish their news and viewpoints. But what usually bars such interaction process, are numerous communication challenges. The main goal of this research is to identify challenges, provide solutions and effective communication models between journalists and media intermediates in Public Relations departments. In this research, a mixed method was use. In qualitative part, in-depth interviews were made with 15 professors and experts in communication, public relations and media sectors, and in the quantitative part, using the Q method and a questionnaire tool, the views of 40 Public Relations managers and experts of the ministries as well as editors and reporters of national newspapers, have been taken into consideration. The findings of the research showed that factors such as lack of expertise and professionalism, diverse organizational policies, political and factional approaches, lack of economic independence of the media, insufficient knowledge of Public Relations Departments and the media about each other's sphere of responsibilities and limitations, unreasonable expectations and sometimes having a negative attitude, are among the most prominent challenges faced by the Public Relations. Within the four structural, functional, behavioral and cognitive dimensions, factors such as law reform, human resources training and professionalism, interaction and dialogue, accountability, honesty and transparency, compliance with ethical principles, reasonable expectation and mutual acknowledging of duties are the most important solutions to solve challenges face by the Public Relations Departments. Adapting these factors by Public Relations entities will create the ideal model of communication between Public Relations and media.