JOURNAL OF FUNDAMENTALS OF MENTAL HEALTH
Year:2022 | Volume:24 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

Introduction: Previous research has shown that there is a link between bulimia nervosa (BN) diagnosis and setshifting disability although with some conflicting results, yet no meta-analyses have examined the BN pathology with set-shifting. The aim of the present research is to critically appraise and synthesize the literature relating to setshifting ability in Bulimia Nervosa. Materials and Methods: Four databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for eligible studies. The 8 selected studies contained (with 24 effect sizes) both bulimia nervosa disorder and healthy control groups, and employed at least one of the following six neuropsychological measures of set-shifting ability,Trail Making Test (TMT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Brixton task (BT), Haptic Illusion Task (HIT), CatBat task (CBT), Picture Set Test (PTS),Verbal Fluency Task (VFT),Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shifting Test (ID/ED Shift Task),and Affective Shifting Task (AST) used for meta-analyses. The outcome variable was performance on the set-shifting aspect of the task. Effect sizes (Hedges’, s g) were pooled using fixed-effects models. Results: Twenty-one studies were examined with a total of 514 BN patients and 939 healthy control groups. There was a small effect of BN diagnosis on set-shifting (Hedges’, s g = 0. 24). Conclusion: Based on the findings, problems in set-shifting as measured by a variety of neuropsychological tasks are present in people with bulimia nervosa.

Introduction: The effectiveness of the hidden curriculum is stronger than the explicit curriculum from the perspectives of curriculum experts as well as medical education specialists in the educational dimensions, especially in transmitting values, norms, and medical professionalism. The present study aimed to explore the effects of the hidden curriculum components on cognitive characteristics of students' learning, and to create a better learning and educational setting. Materials and Methods: The research was a mixed method by using a cross-sectional survey in the quantitative section. A case study (phenomenological research of lived experience type) and the interviews were used in the qualitative part. The population consisted of 277 male high school students in District 1 of Bandar Abbas city-Iran in the academic year 2019-2020. They were selected through the cluster sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental research. Data were gathered by the Cognitive Characteristics of Learning Questionnaire and the Hidden Curriculum Components Questionnaire. Structural equation modeling, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data in the quantitative way. Results: The results of multiple regression showed that there was a correlation (0. 0567) between the components of the hidden curriculum with cognitive characteristics of learning that was significant at (0. 095) confidence level. The quantitative findings showed the mean scores of most components in exceptional talents (SAMPAD) high school was significantly higher than the mean scores in public and non-public high schools (P< 0. 050). Conclusion: Generally, it can be concluded that the hidden curriculum plays an important role through the implicit transfer of values, attitudes, and skills to students, especially on cognitive characteristics, so that these issues need to be given more attention by the educators in every educational setting.

Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in reducing rumination and anxiety about the body image of the elderly with depression. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the study was all the elderly with depression in the welfare centers of Shiraz city, Iran. By simple random sampling, 30 cases were selected and were divided randomly into two experimental and control groups. In the intervention phase, the experimental group received acceptance and commitment treatment for 8 sessions. During this period, the control group did not receive any intervention. To collect the data, body image scale, Beck Depression Inventory-second edition and ruminative response scale in pretest and post-test stages were used for both experimental and control groups. Research data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of covariance, and SPSS. 21. Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed a significant difference between the two groups in terms of rumination components and worry about body image (P< 0. 05). Conclusion: The findings showed that acceptance and commitment therapy reduces rumination and worry about body image of the elderly with depression.

Introduction: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) reduces the quality of life and is the fourth most common psychiatric disorder. Therefore, it is important to investigate the causes of the development and maintenance of this syndrome. The present study aimed to predict the severity of Obsessive-Compulsive Syndrome (OCS) based on perceived parenting style through the mediating role of obsessive beliefs. Materials and Methods: The present study was descriptive-correlational and path analysis. Among the people who were referred to counseling centers in Mashhad, Iran for the treatment of OCD in 2020-2021, 200 cases were selected by the convenient sampling. Data were collected using the Yale-Brown, Obsessive Beliefs, and Young parenting style scales. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and path analysis. Results: The findings showed that there was a significant correlation (P <0. 01) between the Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) of emotional deprivation, abandonment/instability, defectiveness/shame, and unrelenting standards, and obsessive beliefs with the severity of OCS. In addition, the results of Bootstrap indicate that the mediating role of obsessive beliefs was significant about the mentioned EMSs with the severity of OCS (χ, 2/df = 1. 93, P= 0. 001). Conclusion: Based on the findings, early maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, abandonment/ instability, defectiveness/shame, and unrelenting standards can predict the severity of obsessive-compulsive syndrome through the mediating role of obsessive beliefs. Therefore, interventions based on parenting style education to reduce obsessive beliefs can be considered as prevention and treatment programs in obsessivecompulsive disorder patients.

Introduction: In recent years, researchers have attempted to assess the effectiveness of couple therapies. This research aimed to evaluate the Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) and Affective Reconstructive Couple Therapy (ARCT) as treatments for marital conventionalization and global distress. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of couples referring to counseling centers in district 3 of Tehran in 2017. The sampling method of this study was purposeful. Twenty-four couples divided into two experimental groups and one control group. They completed Marriage Satisfaction Questionnaire-Revised Snyder (1979). The experimental groups received 12 ninety-minute sessions of IBCT or ARCT, whereas the control group received no interventions. Data analyzed through MANCOVA test with repeated measures, and SPSS software version 24. Results: The findings indicated that integrative behavior therapy significantly affected marital conventionalization and global distress (F= 23. 361, P< 0. 001). Also, affective reconstructive couple therapy had significant effects on marital conventionalization (F= 13. 566, P< 0. 001) and global distress (F= 10. 267, P< 0. 003). In addition, both therapies have been effective one-month follow-ups. Conclusion: The study found that integrative behavioral couple therapy and affective reconstructive couple therapy are effective to increase marital conventionalization and reduce global distress. Teaching integrative behavior couple therapy and affective reconstructive couple therapy can be effective for psychologists, health professionals, couple therapists, and family counselors to improve marital satisfaction.

Introduction: The present study examined mental health, depression, and role adaptation in Iranian transgender people after sex reassignment surgery in Iran and Germany. Materials and Methods: The study population of this descriptive casual-comparative included Iranian transgender people living in Iran and Germany who underwent sex reassignment surgery after undergoing all treatment stages. Among them, 50 people (25 Iranian transgender people living in Iran and 25 Iranian transgender people living in Germany) were selected by the convenience sampling. Data were obtained online through General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Beck Depression Inventory, and Bem Gender Role Inventory in 2020. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the relationships between variables. Results: The results showed that 70% of the transgender people were male and 30% were female, with a mean age of 29±, 6 years. The general health (mental health) mean score was 22±, 10, and the mean score of depression was 2. 9. The general health (mental health) was higher in males than females. The general health (mental health) of the participants was higher in Germany than in Iran but the difference was not significant. Also, the post-operative role adaptation between transgender individuals in the two societies was not different significantly (P> 0. 05). Conclusion: Due to the lack of significant differences in mental health and role adaptation between the two groups in Iran and Germany, it can be said that environmental and social differences have not been effective. Individual and familial structures have been much more effective than the community and social culture.

Introduction: Due to the lifestyle changes in societies, modern humans have been suffering from a wide range of mental pressures. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between blood types and anxiety, stress, and depression in university students. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 315 students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. Research instrument included demographic checklist and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21). Data analyzed through descriptive statistics, multivariate test and SPSS. Results: The highest and lowest frequencies are observed among the O and A blood types, respectively. The mean scores of stress, anxiety and depression among the students at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences fall within the normal range. There is not a significant relationship between the mean scores of stress, anxiety and depression in different schools (P> 0. 05). The stress, anxiety and depression variables of students do not show a significant difference with regard to different blood types (P> 0. 05). The mean score of depression and stress is higher in men than women, but women have a slightly higher anxiety score despite the non-significant difference between them (P> 0. 05). Conclusion: The above results are indicated a non-significant relationship between blood types and stress, anxiety and depression.

Introduction: The present study was conducted to determine the epidemiological characteristics of rape victims and rapists. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 68 examined cases of sexual violence in Shiraz Legal Medicine Organization during 2013-2014. Victims were referred from the judicial authority or deputy. The file information of referred cases was extracted without a name and a unique code for each file. Results: All cases in this study were female victims. The mean age of the victims was 21. 39 ±,6. 11 years. The majority of cases were single (94%). Of all cases in the study, 63. 2% and 30. 9% had middle and low socioeconomic status, respectively. Someone's home was the most frequent place of rape (54. 4%). In 58. 8% of cases, victims and assailants knew each other. There was a single perpetrator (59. 7%) most of the time, but in 19. 4% and 11. 8%, respectively, there were two and three perpetrators concurrent. In 76. 5% of cases, victims mentioned that they were under verbal threats, 8. 8% were under gun threats, and 28% were under knife threats. Completed rape happened in most of the victims (98. 5%). Conclusion: The results of this study emphasized the priority of sexual assaults prevention and increasing public awareness of these violations as a legitimate public health issue.