Financial Economics
Year:2011 | Volume:5 | Issue:15|Papers Count:8

Tourism is a rapid growing phenomenon and has become one of the largest industries in the world. The impact of tourism is extremely varied. On one hand, tourism plays an important and certainly also positive role in the socio-economic and political development in destination countries, for instance by offering new employment opportunities. Tourism may also in certain instances contribute to a broader cultural understanding by creating an awareness respecting the diversity of cultures and ways of life. On the other hand, tourism as a tool to create jobs has not fulfilled its expectations. At the same time, complaints from tourist destinations concerning massive negative impacts upon environment, culture and ways of life of the residents have given rise to a demand for a more sustainable development in tourism.The introduction of tourism will imply an increased stress on resources available and the tourism industry is very resource- and land intensive. An influx of tourists into the area leads to a competition for resources. This competition is compounded by employees working at the tourist sites. Almost as a rule tourists are supplied at the expense of the local population.Following Leamer (1984), standard Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) equations incorporating measures of factor endowments are used to explain observed trade patterns. The advantage of focusing on trade patterns is that they can be analyzed through conventional theories of comparative advantage. To test whether natural sources distort patterns of tourism’s trade, variables representing the natural sources are added to the HOV equations and the coefficients tested for significance. We examine the relationship between factor endowments, natural sources and tourism’s net exports by Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model in the 15 European countries.The results indicate the travel & tourism sector employment and energy use have negative effects, but arable land, forest area and fixed investment expenditure have positive effect on tourism’s trade. The renewable internal freshwater resources flows’ region is not significant in attracting tourists.

One of the ways for encouraging economic development in oil exporting countries like Iran (which is known as an oil-dependent economy) is moving toward diversification of export revenues rapidly by increasing non-oil exports. This goal is not accessible without a comprehensive survey and examination of factors that affects non-oil exports condition.Although, in many developed countries, export and import analysis is performed in framework of relevant price variables (Also in our country most of the surveys have not gone beyond this framework). But it seems that institutional, scientific, technological and management factors have much greater effect on export variables in Iran in comparison to other countries. Hence, in this article we have tried to go beyond previous studies by adding real and non-price factors to quantitative model of non-oil export in order to estimate their impacts. In order to do this, we have considered non-oil exports to be a function of real exchange rate, total factor productivity, gross national product and the degree of openness of the economy. In addition, we have used ARDL for estimating the model and investigating the effects of each of these factors on non-oil export during 1975-2007.Finding ¬of this paper shows that non-oil export is significantly and effectively, dependant on non-price variables. The results of our estimation show that productivity, degree of economic openness and GDP have positive effects on non-oil export. Albeit according to basic problems in production and export and according to our estimations, we claim that exchange rate does not have a significant impact on non-oil export.

Tourism is one of profitable industry that most of country has invested in and this also causes is the country have contact with each other and it would affect their people’s culture.Today, the request for tourism have raised, by increasing in income and decreasing in work time. Ecotourism that is considered as subset of tourism is an industry that not only causes ecosystem preservation and establishment of healthy environment for life, but also provides an enormous part of country current expenditures and causes to decrease of unemployment. Iran is one of the most attractive area of the world and Isfahan is one of the most beautiful city of Iran, but despite the fact that Isfahan’s high capacities for attracting the tourists, lack of reliable statistics make scientific planning difficult for developing of ecotourism market. In Farvardin 1390, internal tourists of Isfahan, were statistic society and the number of 400 persons were this research sample that have evaluated that influence of effective variants on request internal ecotourism.

In this study, The effect of financial development on economic growth in both developed and developing countries will And will be discussed Whether the financial development indicators have a positive effect on economic growth And it works in both developed and developing countries are different or not?Statistical studies have been conducted on three groups in 120 countries Statistical studies have been conducted on three groups in 120 countries. Calculations for total have offered initially and then 120 countries have been divided into two categories. 53 high-income countries (including America, Germany, France, etc.) and the average high and average low of 67 low-income countries (including Pakistan, India, Iran, etc) for the years 2008-1975 as is taken.Indicators of stock market development as well as indicators of financial development, we took advantage. Contracts to Panel and GMM techniques are used. Model results suggest that Positive relationship between financial sector development and economic growth Two groups of high-income countries and low-income and low-middle and middle to high, there is and the effect of high and middle-income countries is stronger.

Tourism industry forms different services in every country. Growth in tourism has led to economic growth. Also tourism industry creates employment in different sectors of the economy. In this study, the impact of tourism on economic development was reviewed from panel data approach. In this paper, two groups of oil and non-oil producing countries in the Middle East has been studied. Oil exporting countries are including Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arabic Emirate, Kuwait and Qatar and Non-oil producing countries, are including Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt. Hypothesis testing proved tourism growth has led to economic growth in all of selected countries. Coefficients of test the variables, was positive for number of tourists and revenue from tourism in all models we estimate it. This presumption was confirmed that tourism industry has less effect on growth in oil-exporting countries.

Present study, is an attempt to estimate the high yielding variety (HYV) of rice production in Gilan province. Accordingly, the information of the variables of the HYV of rice production, mechanization, improved seeds, irrigation, fertilizers and also pesticide consumption of this province during 1370 to 1387 has been collected. After estimating the model, using Time Series method and through the production function Cobb-Douglas, according to the research aim that is “Identification of the effects of factors such as mechanization, fertilizers, pesticides and use of modified seeds, on the green revolution in Iran", The variables that had been the most influences on production and then the performance in high yielding rice have been identified. Research results suggest that changes in use of modern machinery and technology, improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides, are effective implementation on the Green Revolution in Gilan province. Because, as specified in the estimated model, with an increase of improved seeds, the high yielding variety (HYV) of rice production 2.69 % would increase and also With an increase of irrigation, production of this type of rice 2.29 % would increase too which about both listed variables, the assuming of being stable other condition, should be considered. with an increase of ratio mechanization level to the total acreage in harvesting stage and with no change in other variables and conditions, this type of rice production decreased 3.11 % that this due to the use of other agricultural products specific machinery like wheat, in paddy rice in the stage of harvesting that causes yield reduction of this product. As is clear from the results of the study the highest elasticity is related to improved seeds and the greatest negative impact is related to mechanization in harvesting stage.

This study deals with the changing trend of producing petroleum by non-member states and its effect on the global price of the petroleum. Using vector error correction model, the hypothesis of this research, i.e., " the petroleum supplied by OPEC non-member states is one of the factors affecting the price of petroleum in the global markets", have been studied. The period of study starts from 1991 to the end of 2006 and the variables are used on a seasonal basis. The results of the static experiment, Johansson convergence test and the vector error correction model suggest that there has been a convergent relationship between the petroleum supply variable in the non-OPEC member states and the price of petroleum both in the long run and short term and there is a negative relationship between the variable of petroleum supply by nonmember states on the variable of price and this proves the hypothesis.

insurance institutions, including financial institutions that are providing security near the economic capital in creating the financial resources at time intervals to receive insurance premium and pay damages, especially in long-term insurance can lead to mobility and dynamicaly and development financial markets and with accumulation of capital necessary can provide fields of economic growth.In this study with using a CROOSS – COUNTRY PANEL DATA technique to examine the relationship between insurance sector expantion and economic growth in Iran and the selection countries at during the period 1976-2009.The results were considered significant and positive relationship between study variables and economic growth and with increasing 1 percent in the insurance penetration coefficient (the ratio of premium to GDP), the economic growth will increase 0.003 percent, then insurance is one of the factors affecting the country's economic growth during the period of review and, the Schumpeter’s opinion (1911) and supply leading theories will be approved.