Bioethics Journal
Year:2016 | Volume:5 | Issue:18|Papers Count:6

Constantly, the man tried to make better condition over the period of his life and in recent decades, with advances in biotechnology, genetic engineering, gene therapy, etc. has been tried to overcome biological restrictions. On the other hand, the aim of all the legal rules and values that govern to society is protection of human dignity, regulation of social relationships of society members to achieve justice and equality. But what is important, is progress and development of genetic engineering and biotechnology and subsequently, establishment of transhumanism association in early 1988. This association considers the issue of "Modification of human race" or "Eugenic" and tries to create "Transhumanist" or new generation of humans as "Superior race" and achievements of biotechnology, genetic engineering and gene therapy for manipulation of human genome and gens is pretext for "Eugenic" of the human spices.Scholars, especially bioethicists, have expressed their concern about idea of this group, because attempts for transform of human nature in behalf of this association are excessive. In particular, there is no clear definition about concepts that they use and emphasize.In this article, Consideration of human nature transformation and human dignity that rose subsequently by uses of biotechnology, genetic engineering, gene therapy, etc. for manipulation of human genome, the principles and concepts of rights and fundamental freedoms, future of human societies, future of ethnic minorities and human security according to the ideas of transhumanism founders is necessary.Throughout human civilization history, concept and nature of human, values and basic rights of human had considerable importance at all cultures and for understanding of this concept, have been made scientific and thoughtful efforts at different times, so it is comprehensible that human society express its concern about concepts, perspectives and claims of trans humanism association.In this article, we consider concept and human nature in different approaches of philosophy. Then, we will discuss about transhumanism philosophy, future of human societies, ethnic minorities and human security in ttranshumanis era and analyze its declaration.

Human genome project with its advent has brought more challenges to legal and ethical fields. Recently drastic developments have been obtained in genetics area; in a way that present century is called genome century. Many studies are continuously carrying out finding the genetic reason of disease, at the moment.To do such studies and disease genetic mechanism investigation, more suitable biologic samples are needed, which requires creating genetic banks.To do genetic studies, clinical diagnosis, scientific and therapeutic researches biological samples of human are used. The thing which is of great importance in these studies is samples and information keeping method for different term periods in bio banks. Genetic information and samples are not necessarily specific for sample donors, rather these samples include his family members too. Hence genetic banks involve all ethical, cultural, economic, social and legal and … aspects of human life. So genetic banks' activities should be defined in an ethical and legal framework and carried out based on human rights principles.In spite of providing valuable services in genetic and clinical fields, Establishing genetic banks are faced with different challenges including discrimination in employment and insuring, preserving individuals’ privacy, confidentiality of information, racism, commercial abuse of these banks…, etc.

Background: Sharply progression and development in different aspect of technology and science in the field of medicine and sanitation bring many challenges in biological moral and social aspects of the life. Meanwhile statistical problems of these subjects will be rised. Study and researches on embryonic stem cells are one of these specimens.Religions and different ideological views in vast human cultures associated with various laws in different countries of the world, made moral and biological argues.Methods: Observing of important references, papers, statistical holograms and tables that has been edited in laws and regulation in this field and its therapeutic use shows that there is a very vast need for approving of new laws and regulation in protecting of biological and moral disorders under international and human rights regulations.Conclusion: in some countries around the world guidelines for ethical regulation in this field has prepared but in others its absence is outstanding. It seems that in Iran we also need guidelines for regulation of this field adapting with our culture, religion and law. Anyway obtaining of IVF cells as a clear route for continuation in developing of this technology is the main goal of this paper.

Background: The Comparison between knowledge and attitude toward of nurses and nursing students in Kerman University of Medical Sciences about their ability to defense of the patients' rights Purpose: According to the increasing emphasis on the patient’s right and the advocate’s role of nurses, it seems that the appropriate nurses’ comprehension and nursing students of their ability toward advocate the rights of patients, can grant part of patient’s right. The purpose of this research is Comparison of nurses and nursing students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences regard to knowledge and attitude toward their ability to be patient advocates.Methods: This research is a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study in 1391 that over 330 nurses and 110 students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. To gather data, knowledge and attitudes of nurses and students of their ability to protect the rights of patients were used. Validity and reliability was confirmed in this study. Data with significant level (P<0.005) with chi-square test and ttest were analyzed.Finding: In this study, 346 nurses (76.4%) and 107 nursing students (6.23%) were studied. Two groups, both in terms of awareness of protecting the rights of both groups of patients showed no significant difference in the group enjoyed a great attitude about suitability and sufficiency of the difference was significant (p=0.02).Conclusion: the research result showed that most of nurses and –nursing student were aware of available instruction about advocacy the patients' rights in hospital, while these two groups were familiar whit this instruction relatively. About the difference of attitudes in terms of efficiency and competence between nurses and nursing student, it is suggested that training programmers provide facilities in collecting schedules toward increasing the student’s competence for playing an advocacy role for patient.

Nowadays, the corporate’s adherence to environmental ethics is one of the most important factors in evaluating their brand’s reputation by customers; in a way that its reflection in customers’ behaviors and attitudes is evident. Considering the importance of this issue, this research aims to investigate the effect of the corporate adherence to environmental ethic on customers’ behavioral intentions. For this purpose, a sample, consisting of 385 customers of dairy food product of a company in Shiraz city, was selected and data were gathered. Finally, the structural equation modeling was used to analysis the data and findings show that the corporate adherence to environmental ethics has a positive, significant effect on customers’ behavioral intentions dimensions, i.e. their loyalty, tendency to pay a premium price for the corporate’s products and their word of mouth advertising. As a general conclusion, this research indicates that adhering to environmental ethics in business leads to increase of customers’ positive behavioral intentions.

Background: This research was done to distinguish relationship between organizational trust and work ethics in higher education institutions of Semnan city.Methods: Research method was descriptive, correlational. The statistical population was all employees of higher education institutions in Semnan city. Among them 285 persons were selected as statistical sample by random sampling method. Organizational trust questionnaire and work ethic questionnaire were used in order to gather data. Face and content validity of both questionnaires reviewed and confirmed and reliability was 0.956 for organizational trust questionnaire and 0.845 for work ethic questionnaire. To examine the hypothesis, one sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and coefficient of multiple regressions was used.Results: Results indicated that the organizational trust and work ethics were in desirable level; there was a positive relationship between organizational trust and work ethics, as well as a positive relationship between all organizational trust and work ethics component. Also the results of the multiple regression indicated that only four components of organizational trust can predict work ethics e.g., competency, attention to the staff, stability and the participation.Conclusion: Findings revealed that there was positive significant relationship between organizational trust and work ethics which means that with an increase in organizational trust, work ethics will increase. So, one of the ways to achieve a high level of work ethic is enhancing trust in the organization.