Journal of Police Medicine
Year:2022 | Volume:11 | Issue:1|Papers Count:13

AIMS: Traffic pollution is one of the most serious health problems in the world. Oxidative stress caused by free radicals leads to a wide range of cellular damage such as enzyme inactivation, lipid peroxidation, protein and lipoprotein oxidation and a variety of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluation of oxidative stress parameters in the serum of urban drivers compared to suburban drivers with the impact of traffic pollutants. MATERIALS & METHODS: The present research is a prospective Cohort study. The statistical population of the study was male drivers that referring to Ghaemshahr, Iran occupational medicine in 2019 to 2020. 45 drivers of urban vehicles exposed to traffic pollutants and 45 suburban drivers were selected as a control group by systematic probabilistic sampling to determine the oxidative (NO and MDA) and antioxidant (TAC, CAT) parameters in serum. Data were analyzed using chi-square and T-test in SPSS 22 software. FINDINGS: The data from this study showed that the mean of nitric oxide, total antioxidant capacity and catalase enzyme indexes in the group of drivers exposed to traffic pollutants were lower than the control group, while lipid peroxidation was higher in the group of drivers exposed to traffic pollutants compared to the drivers in the control group, which is significant at the level of statistical probability level of 1% (p <0. 001). CONCLUSION: The results of the research showed that oxidative stress caused by traffic Pollutants decreased the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and increased oxidative conditions in the group of drivers exposed to traffic pollutants, which can threaten the health of these people.

AIMS: Anger is associated with problems at work, interpersonal relationships, and quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of resilience and abnormal personality traits with anger through the mediation of perception of air pollution. MATERIALS & METHODS: This research was applied in terms of purpose and its method is correlation. The statistical samples of this study were 250 students of a military university in 2020-2021 in Tehran, Iran who were selected by cluster random sampling. The tools used in this study were Connor-Davidson (2003) Resilience Questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity of 0. 93 and 0. 58,Dimensions of Abnormal Personality of Kroger et al. (2012) with reliability and validity of 0. 94 and 0. 69,Spielberger (1999) Trait-State Anger with reliability and validity of 0. 95 and 0. 55 and also Air Pollution Perception Questionnaire of Yazdanparast et al. (2014) with reliability and validity of 0. 96 and 0. 58. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using SPSS 26 software and version 3 of Smart PLS software. FINDINGS: Most of the participants among the 250 research samples were in the age group of 25 to 35 years (44. 8%), most of them had master's degree (55. 6%). The coefficient of effect of abnormal personality traits on perception of air pollution was 0. 324, the characteristics of abnormal personality traits on anger were 0. 323, the perception of air pollution on anger was 0. 266 and the relation between variables were positive and significant and the coefficient of effect of resilience on perception of air pollution was 0. 222, and of resilience on anger was estimated to be-0. 162 and the relation between these variables was negative and significant. Also, the mediating role of perception of air pollution in the relation between abnormal personality traits and anger as well as the relation between resilience and anger was confirmed (p <0. 05). CONCLUSION: Due to the mediating role of pollution perception in relation of abnormal personality traits and resilience with anger, individuals’,anger can be reduced through monitoring and optimizing air quality, personality traits and promoting resilience.

AIMS: Escaping from military service occurs first during a process of incompatibility with the situation, then violence, and finally escape. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of distress tolerance in relation to soldiers' violence with desire to escape due to the performance of commanders. MATERIALS & METHODS: This research was descriptive correlation based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population was all 280 soldiers of Imam Sajjad Educational Center in Urmia, Iran in July 2021. In this study, 210 samples were selected by the simple random sampling. The Buss-Perry Violence Questionnaire, the Simons and Gaher Turbulence Questionnaire, as well as the researcher-made questionnaire of tendency to escape due to the commanders' performance were used to collect data. To analyzing the data, Pearson correlation test and structural equation model were used in the form of SPSS 18 and AMOS 23 software. FINDINGS: Among 210 participants in the study, 139 people had diploma and lower degrees and also 71 people had a bachelor's degree or higher. Confirmatory validity and the measurement model of the three questionnaires were confirmed and the reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method of violence 0. 87, distress tolerance was 0. 79 and desire to escape was 0. 88. The findings showed that the soldiers' violence and distress tolerance due to the performance of the commanders on the desire to escape have a direct and indirect effect of 0. 291 and-0. 246. The standardized values of the indirect effects of the violence through the mediation of distress tolerance on the tendency to escape were confirmed by the Bootstrap estimation method and violence had an effect on the desire to escape through mediation of distress tolerance (-0. 48) (p <0. 01). Finally, the research model was approved and 41% of the desire to escape due to the performance of commanders could be explained by the variables of soldiers' violence and distress tolerance in direct and indirect levels. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that soldier violence affects the desire to escape through the mediation of distress tolerance and importance of cognitive and emotional factors in explaining the desire to escape due to the performance of commanders.

AIMS: Iran's population is aging and the quality of life of the elderly in the armed forces, due to the nature of professional activity, needs special attention. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and quality of life in the armed forces retirees in Tehran, Iran. MATERIALS & METHODS: The present study is a cross-sectional correlation with an analytical approach. The statistical population of the study consisted retirees of the armed forces over 65 years old who lived in Tehran, Iran in 2019-2020. By using Morgan table, the sample size was 373 people who were selected by available sampling method. The research tools included Boyce and Parker (1989) Sensitivity Questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability of 0. 81 and also older people's quality of life questionnaire (CASP-19) with confirmed validity and Cronbach's alpha of 0. 78. Questionnaires were completed through one-on-one face-to-face interviews with senior retirees of the Armed Forces. The relationship between research variables was assessed by using Pearson correlation coefficient test and SPSS 22 software. FINDINGS: 91. 42% (341 people) of 373 participants were male. 75. 06% (280 people) were 7065 years old. 75. 06% of the samples were 65-70 years old. The mean score of total interpersonal sensitivity was 57. 17±, 35. 83 and the mean score of total quality of life of the elderly was 58. 00±, 26. 34. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that the level of significance between interpersonal sensitivity and quality of life in the elderly was equal to 0. 41 (P-Value<0. 05). The interpersonal sensitivity score and its dimensions were at a low level and the elderly quality of life score and its dimensions were at a good level. CONCLUSION: The general condition about interpersonal sensitivity with quality of life in elderly retirees of the armed forces living in Tehran, Iran is slightly more favorable than the scores related to studies of the general elderly population of the country. This issue can be related to the systematic structure of the armed forces, emphasis and continuous training during service, the existence of active retirement centers, as well as the continuation in communication with colleagues.

AIMS: According to epidemiological and communicative studies, the use of mobile phones while driving has become one of the important factors in distracting drivers and increasing the number of accidents. The present study was conducted to identify the relation between the components of mobile addiction with the rate of high-risk driving behaviors among youth. MATERIALS & METHODS: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted among the students of Hamadan Azad University in the academic year of 2020-2021. 384 people participated in the study voluntarily and online through an online invitation. Mobile phone addiction questionnaires and Iranian risk-taking questionnaire (high-risk driving component with 6 questions and 3 sub-components) were used to collect the required data. After confirming the content validity of the questionnaire used, Cronbach’, s alpha was respectively 0. 87 and 0. 89. The research tools were designed on Press Line site and the link was shared in WhatsApp and Telegram groups to enable students who had driver's license for at least in past two years to participate in the study. The Canonical correlation test and multiple regression in SPSS 23 software were used to analyze the data. FINDINGS: 47% of the samples (181 people) were male and 53% (203 people) were female with a mean age of 25. 41±, 8. 04. The mean scores of participants' mobile addiction were 40. 23±, 11. 38 and also the mean of high-risk behaviors was 93. 05±, 20. 84. There was a positive and direct relation between the components of mobile addiction and high-risk driving (p<0. 01). 12. 5% of the changes in the focal variable of high-risk driving could be predicted by knowing the focal variable of mobile addiction. In the formation of predictor variables according to the findings of focal loads, the highest share was related to the feeling of anxiety and lack (0. 928) and in the criterion variable, the highest share was related to the tendency to speed (0. 893). CONCLUSION: Addictive use of mobile phones causes people to face risky behaviors. Therefore, when a person is addicted to mobile phones, they feel compelled to check it in different situations. These situations may be while driving and in places where the use of mobile phones is prohibited, which will be a kind of lawlessness and harmful consequences.

AIMS: Retirement is a transition to new stage of life which is one of the most important changes in person's life and it is very important to pay attention to it the present study aims to the effectiveness of the self-compassion treatment on self-efficacy and life satisfaction in police force retirees in Tehran, Iran. MATERIALS & METHODS: The research method is quasi-experimental and pretestposttest with a control group. The statistical population was all police force retirees of Tehran, Iran in 2021 of which 30 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced in two groups of 15people in experimental and control. The Scherer and Maddox (1982) Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and the Diner et al. 's (1985) Life Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to collect data. The self-compassion training protocol was performed for the experimental group in 8 sessions (120 minutes per session). Finally, after the training sessions, the post-test was performed and. The data were analyzed by using univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-22 software. FINDINGS: The data were analyzed for 30 retirees in experimental and follow-up groups. The mean age in the experimental group was 73. 11±, 6. 41 years old and in the control group was 76. 51±, 5. 31 years old. Considering the F values for post-self-efficacy test (91. 76) and life satisfaction (12. 79) and their significance level (P-value = 0. 001), which was less than 0. 05, it was observed that self-compassion treatment was effective to increase self-efficacy and life satisfaction in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: Compassion-focused therapy can be effective on increasing self-efficacy and life satisfaction in retirees. Therefore, this intervention can be used in programs designed for retirees.

AIMS: Research evidence confirms physiological and psychological differences in men and women with substance abuse. In this regard, in the present study with the aim of examining gender differences in the treatment of drug abuse, in the psychological dimension, pain perception, resilience, failure tolerance and aggression of women and men who have been treated who compared with methadone maintenance program. MATERIALS & METHODS: In a descriptive study with causal-comparative method among people referring to addiction treatment centers in Tehran, Iran in the fall and winter of 2019 who were in-treatment with methadone, 300 people (150 men and 150 women) with an age range of 17 Up to 36 years and high school diploma or higher education were selected by multistage random cluster sampling method and answered the questionnaires of pain perception with (0. 87 reliability), resilience (0. 84 reliability), failure tolerance (0. 72 reliability) and aggression (0. 71 reliability). The obtained data were analyzed using Paired-Sample T-Test by SPSS software version 24. FINDINGS: The highest frequency was related to people between 22 and 26 years old with bachelor's degree and 11 to 15 years of work experience. Variables’,means in women and men were respectively 4. 152±, 0. 521 and 3. 258±, 0. 359 for pain perception, 3. 961±, 0. 357 and 3. 651±, 0. 198 for resilience, 4. 208±, 0. 303 and 3. 247±, 0. 137 for failure tolerance and 3. 621±, 0. 211 and 4. 188±, 0. 652 for aggression. The difference between men and women in pain perception, failure tolerance and aggression was significantly observed. However, there was no significant difference between men and women in resilience. CONCLUSION: Women experience more pain and less failure in the process of quitting drugs with methadone than men, but men show more aggression than women. The process of quitting methadone seems to be more difficult for women than men. The resilience of men and women in this treatment program have no differences.

AIMS: The commission of some crimes has increased in recent years with the number of abusive women. Having a quality of life and psychological flexibility can help prevent these crimes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of solution-focused therapy on the quality of life and psychological flexibility of abusive women with addiction readiness. MATERIALS & METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The abusive women who were referred to the Welfare Center of Khuzestan, Iran in Shushtar city formed the statistical population of the present study in 2021. To screen abusive women with addiction readiness, Zargar et al. (2006) Addiction Readiness Questionnaire was used with a validity of 0. 45 and a reliability of 0. 90, and 30 people with the highest score were selected among the 200 abusive women who completed this questionnaire. Samples were randomly assigned to experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups and responded to the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Form with 0. 81 validity and 0. 84 reliability and Psychological flexibility of Dennis and Vander Wall (2010) with 0. 75 validity and 0. 74 reliability. Experimental group participants received eight sessions of one and a half hours of the solution-focused therapy program (Grant, 2011). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSS 22 software. FINDINGS: The mean age of 15 female participants in the experimental group was 32. 7±,2. 8 and in the control group was 33. 4±, 2. 6 years, which ranged from 22 to 37 years. The scores of quality of life and psychological flexibility of the experimental group in the post-test were higher than the scores of the control group. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed a significant difference in the scores of the two groups (p=0. 003,F=5. 53,Pillayi trace=0. 51). According to the obtained F values for post-test of quality of life (70. 66) and psychological flexibility (55. 16) and their significance level (p<0. 001), it was observed that treatment was the solution and was able to increase the quality of life and psychological flexibility of abusive women with addiction readiness. CONCLUSION: Solution-focused therapy is an effective way to improve the quality of life and psychological flexibility of abusive women with addiction readiness.

AIMS: Rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug abuse can have many functions which following the appropriate and rapid treatment, as well as to monitoring people during rehabilitation or counseling about withdrawing drug abuse are of the most important functions. The aim of the present study was to review recent studies in the field of rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug abuse. MATERIALS & METHODS: In this review study, scientific databases including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, Pubmed and Iranian databases including Irandoc, Magiran, SID were used. The keywords used in searches, regardless of time limit, were substance abuse, diagnosis and drugs diagnosis and drugs. Duplicate and irrelevant items were excluded from the study after the initial screening. The content was classified based on laboratory samples. Ethical standards were observed in all stages of the research and no bias was made by the researchers in the stages of the review. FINDINGS: 76 English and Persian articles were retrieved, of which 24 related studies were reviewed. According to the findings, the amount of substance remaining in the body and the time of the test were considered the two important principles for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of substance abuse. Urine, blood, exhaled breath, saliva, sweat, nails, and hair are biological samples that are commonly used to diagnose substance abuse in laboratories. The choice of each depends on factors such as cost, ease of sample collection, risk of fraud, type of test (immediate or laboratory), drug abuse time frame (acute or chronic), the last time of using and the use of each to diagnose of drugs and consumption have advantages and disadvantages. CONCLUSION: No laboratory methods have been found with 100% diagnostic accuracy to detect drug abuse and various laboratory methods are always at risk of false-positive or false-negative results. However, accurate and rapid diagnosis of drug abuse in various areas of law enforcement, such as traffic police, crime detection, and forensics, is important, and studies are ongoing.

AIMS: Social media can also cause psychological harm in addition to informing. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention-support protocol on self-destruction and media literacy in a military university staff. MATERIALS & METHODS: The research is applied in terms of purpose with a quasiexperimental design. The statistical population included all the staff of a military university in 2020-2021. The sample of this study was 40 employees who were randomly selected by available method as a nonprobability sample and were divided into two groups of 20 as test and control groups. Data collection tools were the scale of Agha Mohammadian Sherbaf and Moradian's self-destructive behaviors (2012) and media literacy of Falsafi (2014). The intervention protocol consisted of group training workshops for 10 sessions as 2 sessions per week for five consecutive weeks that were performed on the experimental group. Analysis of covariance and SPSS 26 software were used to test the effectiveness of the interventionsupport protocol on self-destruction and media literacy. FINDINGS: 57. 5% of the 40 participants (23 people) in the study were male who were between 20 and 30 years old. The highest and lowest frequency of education was respectively related to people with bachelor's degrees (50%) and Ph. D. degrees (7. 5%). The mean scores of selfdestruction in the experimental group decreased from 115. 50±, 14. 35 in the pre-test stage to 77. 75±,15. 09 in the post-test stage and the mean scores of media literacy in the experimental group in the pre-test situation increased from 45. 30±, 7. 81 to 62. 60±, 7. 12 in the post-test stage. The significance level of all tests was less than 0. 05 error and the research hypothesis was confirmed. CONCLUSION: Considering the significant effect of the intervention-support protocol on selfdestruction and media literacy, applying this protocol is useful to control the damage caused by the media storm.

AIMS: Resilience represents a characteristic in people that not only causes to flourish despite the problems and limitations, but also handle them well. The aim of this study was to explain the resilience model based on personality traits that mediated by perceived stress. MATERIALS & METHODS: This research is a correlational type in the form of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study was all employees of a military unit who were serving in Tehran, Iran in 2019. Samples were selected by multistage random clustering. The instruments used to measure the research variables were: Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale, 240 Neuroticism Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Questionnaire. Initial sampling measures were taken after obtaining the necessary permits from the military center study case and security principles. A group was selected as a cluster from this military units and 367 people were tested. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling through LISREL 8. 5 software. FINDINGS: 324 questionnaires were well-completed enough to be evaluated and scored among distributed questionnaires. The resilience scale of the samples was 57. 1±,15. 7. The results showed that personality traits had a direct structural effect on resilience and an indirect structural effect through perceived stress. Some personality traits explained the resilience, and perceived stress also played a mediating role in explaining resilience based on personality traits. Among 30 personality traits in this study, 14 traits explained the resilience model based on personality. CONCLUSION: Components of personality traits based on the model obtained are able to predict changes in the resilience variable directly and indirectly through the perceived stress variable.

AIMS: Adverse childhood experiences are consistently associated with psychiatric problems in children and adults. However, the long-term effects of childhood experiences on mental health in adulthood have not been studied. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between childhood experiences and depressive symptom-suicidal tendencies with the mediating role of rumination and thwarted belongingness. MATERIALS & METHODS: This descriptive study was done via structural equation modeling. The statistical sample of this study included 650 students studying at Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2020 academic year who were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using Joiner Depression SymptomSuicidality Questionnaire (with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity of 0. 91 and 0. 74), Hill & Pettit with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity of 0. 88 and 0. 84, O’, Connor & Williams rumination with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity 0. 79 and 0. 75) and childhood experiences of Kaiser foundation and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and convergent validity 0. 91 and 0. 87) were used. Data were analyzed using structural equations and confirmatory factor analysis by using SPSS 25 and AMOS 24 software. FINDINGS: Finally, the data of 600 participants with a mean age of 23. 09±, 4. 44 were analyzed. The direct effect of childhood experiences on rumination and depressive suicidal symptoms was significantly positive (p<0. 001). Also, the direct effect of childhood experiences on negative belonging was significant (P<0. 001). However there was a significant negative direct effect between belonging and depression suicidal symptoms and a positive direct effect between rumination and depression suicidal symptoms (P<0. 05). Also, the indirect effect of childhood experiences through rumination and belonging on depressive symptom-suicidal symptoms was significant (p<0. 001). CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that rumination and belonging play a mediating role between childhood experiences and. depressivesuicidal symptoms.

AIMS: Back pain is one of the most pervasive chronic pains. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in patients with chronic low back pain on pain self-efficacy and quality of life. MATERIALS & METHODS: The present study is a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group which was done from February 2020 to March 2021. All patients with chronic low back pain who were referred to the specialty ward of Al-Zahra Hakimieh Clinic in Tehran, Iran were the statistical population of this study. The study population consisted of 45 people who were divided into three groups of 15 people through purposive sampling and random selection. The treatment method for the first group was cognitive-behavioral therapy while acceptance and commitment therapy was done for the second group and no training was considered for the control group. The World Health Organization's questionnaires of demographic information, pain self-efficacy and quality of life were the tools used in the study. The research hypotheses were specifically investigated using univariate covariance analysis. FINDINGS: 45 patients (33 men and 12 women) participated with a mean age of 41. 18±, 14. 09 years. The F-ratio of univariate analysis of covariance was significant for the difference of all dependent variables between the experimental groups and the control group (p<0. 001). To compare the effectiveness of two treatments on pain self-efficacy and quality of life, the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test were used. The difference between the mean of cognitivebehavioral therapy group and acceptance and commitment therapy group on pain self-efficacy and quality of life in both post-test and follow-up stages was not significant (p>0. 05). Therefore, the effectiveness of the two treatments on pain self-efficacy and quality of life in these patients was the same. CONCLUSION: Both cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy are effective in increasing pain self-efficacy and quality of life among patients with chronic low back pain, but there is no significant difference between the two therapies.