JOURNAL OF IRANIAN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (JISDS)
Year:2011 | Volume:3 | Issue:3 (11)|Papers Count:8

Redefining the concepts of "Quarter" and "Ideal Quarter" from viewpoint of some of the residents of metropolitan of Tehran who live at Tehran pars, Aryashahr and Emam Zadeh Yahya quarter, is an issue trued to be elaborated at this paper. To achieve the factors influencing the definition of concepts of Quarter and Ideal Quarter, the approach of Phenomenology has been used. Based on the obtained results, residents of Aryashahr and Tehranpars do not consider their residential place as a quarter and believe that a quarter should have the characteristics such as " Sense and Place" and their quarter does not have it, this group believe that the said characteristic causes that an individual considers his/her residential place as a " Quarter" and keep dwelling there; On the other hand the residents of Emam Zadeh Yahya quarter, as an old quarter, do not like to keep dwelling at their quarter however there is the "Sense of Place" there. In fact although the "Sense of Place" is considered as an important factor, "Social Status" presently contributes to stability of living of residents in a quarter more than the "Sense of Place".On the other hand from viewpoint of citizens, quarters of Tehran are full of shortages now. This matter leads the citizens to create the ideals which have been drawn inspiration from different resources. In this field the interviewees are divided into 3 groups. A group of the interviewees borrow their ideal from the past and have not experienced it. Another group makes its ideal based on an image from European American countries which is an unreal image. The third group considers a quarter the same as a tradition. This group, based on their imagination out of a tradition, considers whatever related to this concept as an obstacle for progress, thereof it has no ideal of a quarter.

Because of a misbalance of life, being in a distance with nature and human values, disregarding the native environmental factors, imperious behavior and instrumental use of nature, human beings, nowadays are struggling and sees themselves faced with an ambiguous and dangerous future. This, subsequently led to the emergence of an approach called sustainable development. Sustainable development consists of proposing a solvation against the traditional, somatic, social and economic patterns which could avoid the emergence of problems such as destruction of natural resources, demolition of the ecosystems, spreading injustices, pollution, anomalous increase of the population and the decreasing in the quality level of human life. In fact, the comprehensive conditions of sustainability are at hand when a set of environmental sustainability with the goal of ecologic balance, economic sustainability with the goal of economic persistence, social sustainability with the goal of social justice and somatic sustainability with the goal of morphologic balance is generated.This article evaluates the urban sustainable development, concepts and the definitions of urban sustainable development, theories and strategies of sustainable development and the functions of urban public spheres using a predicative method and an analytical approach. Following that, acknowledging the indices of urban development from the somatic, economic, social and environmental apparitions are discussed.Regarding these issues, the efforts in this study are to categorize the urban sustainability indices after knowing them and analyze their social-cultural, economic, somatic and environmental considerations in order to gain a comprehensive index acknowledgment of urban sustainable development principles. The results show that using the principles of sustainable cities in designing them not only causes a decrease in energy consumption and generating a sustainable economy, but also considering these principles help generate a healthier environment, more ambient justice and having a better life and also can lead us to reach sustainability in all areas.

Many of the industrial developed regions are not defined by a local and geographical delimitation. In the existing conditions, economic activities in the modern era have a dense, multi-dimensional, ambient and organized essence. In this sense, the commercial economic constellations are organized in the urban areas and also industrial regions in the vicinity areas of commercial centers. There are many examples in this regard such as ‘Osako’ in Japan, ‘Inkan’ in South Korea, ‘Beijing’, ‘Tian Jin’ in China and ‘Manil’ in the Philippines.These areas are organized in a manner that they place the urban region constellations, central urban areas and metropolises in the vicinity of industrial areas. This is distinguished by the 19th century economic production indices which considered a difference between areas of industrial geography and the areas of commercial geography. This process shows that the economic policies were based on networks which generated a full-scale junction among production, marketing, supply and commercial market areas. When economic geography changes, it shows that industrial, financial and commercial policies are installed in a ‘dense space’. The economic interaction between industrial and commercial regions is organized based on a behavioral pattern and international production networks. In this situation we have observed the emergence of great and powerful cities which are called ‘Global Cities’. These cities have an important role in the economic convergence and are incumbent upon the organization of ‘polygonal development’. The theory of global cities was suggested by ‘Taylor’. He believes that the importance of global cities lies within the urban-regional networks which make extended communication with different atmospheres in economic, social and cultural areas. In these regions, production and economic exchange expand alongside the social communications. In order to stabilize this process, the networking and polygonal organization of development are used.

Socialization is one of the main concepts of sociology and is an important function of family. With the occurrence of the socialization process, each individual finds an identity or a social self. So, considering the importance that socialization has in the individual and social identity of the adolescents, the researchers have always studied the ways of socialization which are done by the parents for the youngsters. The sociologists believe that social capital has a grave role in the explanation of social problems. So this article uses the theory of family social capital suggested by Coleman and Bourdieu to explain the different styles of the offsprings’ socialization. The family social capital in this study is divided into two dimensions as structural and cognitive which show the intra and inter relations that are also operationalized with two internal and external dimensions. Also, the social capital is studied concerning the traditional and modern capital. The study sample is 490 adolescents of Karaj schools in the school year 2009-2010. The research method was survey. The findings show that the parent’s social capital has a negative relationship with dictatorial style and has a positive relationship with democratic style. The analysis of family social capital concerning the traditional and modern capital shows that the more the modern social capital, the more tendencies there is in the family toward democratic and free individualistic styles and the family traditional social capital has a relationship with the totalitarian and offspring-centered style.

National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), one of the largest exploration and production oil companies in the world, faces with numerous investment opportunities. The selection and formation of projects’ basket (portfolio) in this industry needs some considerations on decision makings, key targets, priorities and constraints of NIOC. On the one hand, due to NIOC’s vision as one of the excellent commercial companies of the world in production, refining and export of oil and gas, the necessity of keeping the production level unchanged and enhancing the abilities of production by fields developments and increasing the recovery factor, due to vision, and on the other hand, the numorousity of investment opportunities at different stages of exploration, development, exploitation, production and the complexity of backward and forward linkages of projects and correspondent risks, the number of portfolios is as such as that selecting optimum portfolio and its dynamics through time periods, considering all constraints, are not feasible without applying scientific methods.According to these, a model is presented which identifies the expectations, strategies, targets, priorities and constraints of NIOC, critical success factors (CSFs) and also economic risks of projects, economic evaluation and portfolio management and applies MERAK products (for a few pilot projects at upstream level) in this industry, and determines the optimum basket of the projects. For implementing the system of this model, an organization is required in each planning departments of NIOC. This system as a decision support system (DSS) is able to use the current data, government’s and also the ministry’s strategies, the policies of CEO and other budgetrial constraints and financial considerations, and finally determines the investment priorities and optimum portfolio of NIOC.

Development programs are often carried out by governments through up-to-down strategies. There had ever been believed that the rural problems would be removed by just providing the bases and welfare facilities. However, the mistake by statesmen and authorities was proved soon and they found that the above cases do not suffice for development, since the bases are made without considering the actual needs and requirements of users and they are not involve in the development's stages. So, the whole attempt for improving their daily life will be useless. Therefore, they shall be allowed to express their opinions regarding the issues related to them, in addition they should be encouraged to participate in the collaborative activities so that their opinion and consent be considered as local leaders and beneficiary users or to say utilizers. Therefore, in the present study it is posed that to what extent the local knowledge and public participation have taken into consideration in the rural development programs and policies.In order to answer this question, two common research technique have been used, namely, predicative (or documentary) and analytical approaches and according to the results obtained by this research, it has been shown that the knowledge and participation of rural people who are the main beneficiary of the given program have not been noticed , generally the programs are derived from the western and non-local patterns and without considering the public's demand and opinion, and the implementation of such programs bring about several problems for rural people However, in order that the rural development programs be accompanied with success, it is essential for rural development authorities to take action as regards rural planning according to the rural community's culture and insight.

Social regularity is considered as one of the most important issues in sociology; as many of sociologists has divided the disputes in this area into two schools of regularity and conflict. But as a matter of fact this topic has a sense of paradox; because there exists this belief that in order to reach some level of progression in society, there is a minimum need of social order and on the other hand this phenomenon appears against the social freedoms and would be considered as a sign of wielding power.Social order is analyzable in micro, middle and macro levels and consists of various angels and dimensions. This article tries to analyze social order in micro level (from actors’ point of view). In other words it tries to introduce some indices that represent social order through the past and previous literature and empirical sources and suggest the most effective variables on social order. Finally, acknowledging the effective factors on social order help us to establish a clear theoretical model in this respect. This model shows the important factors and parameters in this case and made it possible to compare the social order in micro level in different cities and reflect their similarities and differences. In the end with a comparison of situation in these three cities, there is presented some administrative strategies for establishing social order.

This study main goal is meta-analysis of the social participation studies. Having such a goal, it focuses at synthesizing the quantitative results of researches conducted on social participation amongst the studies published in scientific journals and theses in university. To appraise the empirical estimates of the effect of the various variables on social participation a meta-analysis is applied, that determined of effect-size variables, synthesizing 44 evaluations with 5500 sampled people and utilizes library method on social participation. The methodology consists of one technique: combination of effect size based on Hunter and Schmidt method. Our descriptive synthesis show that in %70 studies not explain clearly on validity and reliability instrument, technique of data collection, review of literature, sampling and research methods. The meta-analysis provides support for the existence of a relative effect of the material costs and benefits, social trust and consciousness, mass media, social norms and values, on social participation. These findings show that the material costs and benefits have more effect on social participation.