COMPARATIVE LITERATURE STUDIES
Year:2022 | Volume:16 | Issue:61|Papers Count:10

The term of narrative is one of the most important aspects of literature that has involved the minds of many scholars in the field of literary criticism in recent decades. But in the history of Iranian literature, "historiography" and historical works were considered literary works per se. Because the secretaries, the scholars and the writers involved in writing history and one of the most important foundation of historiography for them has been familiarity with the art of writing and skill in literary techniques. From the middle of the fourth century onwards, independent of Arabic rhetorical treatises, Persian rhetoric books were gradually written. So historical treatises are also criticized. An important book on the history of Bal'ami related to the fourth century, written by Bal'ami and the history of Tha’, alebi, apparently written by a theologian. In terms of the type of narrative, style and context, the use of narrative components is a clear example of the change or how the use of rhetorical industries has changed in this century. The present article analyzes the differences between the narratives in these two works in terms of narrative components, such as perspective, the extent of using dialogue as a driving component of the plot and metaphor, and other narrative components based on the opinions of new critics in the field of narrative.

The themes of poetry have undergone various transformations, and what has not been completely removed are mystical themes. Since the period of literary return is one of the most important periods in the period of poetry and the link between classical literature and the contemporary period, special attention has been paid to the reflection of its various poetic themes. The purpose of this research is to determine the approaches and attitudes of the top poets of the Qajar period of the Constitution in the field of mystical themes by descriptive-analytical method: The elite poets have been affected by the old styles and the eminent poets in different periods,and if even imitation is performed so masterful, it will not have the value of the original work imitation indicates a static state in on epigone. But the mystical themes are not quite far from the poetry of these poets, and they have entered their personal styles into their poetry areas. Although these themes have been applied for beauty and concept of the poetry, they are not separately considered as mystical styles poems. The elite poets have been aware of teachings in both Khorasani and Baghdadi schools. The permanent attention to accompanishment of emotion, kindness and love in the mystical steps is emphasized, and the practical mysticism is preferred the theoretical one.

Fazel Abbaszadeh, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Pars Abad Moghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pars Abad, Iran. Vadood Valizadeh Sarban, Department of Islamic Studies, Pars Abad Moghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pars Abad, Iran Many tourists and Arab and Iranian travelers have set their destination and aim for their trip to Mecca to do the Hajj commandment and if it weren't for this goal, we would only have a few travelogues today. Meanwhile, during trip to Hajj, many belletrist have mentioned the conditions of this trip and compilation of a book in the form of a travelogue, and have created a special literary form called "Hajj travelogue" in terms of content, structure and other stylistic and literary features is differentfrom travelogue in the general meaning. . This study wants to compare and analyze characteristics and conditions of Hajj travelogue in Persian and Arabic literature by relying on two ancient Arabic and Persian travelogues called Ibn Mazeh's travelogue entitled "Latayef Al-Azkar lelhozar and Al-safar fi Al-manasek and Al-Adab" and Ibn Jubayr's travelogue entitled " Al-Nasak's validity treatise fi Al-Karimat and Al-Manasek. The results show that both travelogues were from the title to the form and content for Hajj and for the purpose of Hajj. Characteristics and conditions in the processing of time, place, subject, and structure, etc distinguish it from other types and travelogues According to the American comparative literature School, this study investigates a comparative study of this type of literature in two said works.

Comparative study of eternality in the Sepehri and Albayati mythical world, humans have made struggle for perception and reaching eternality since beginning. The human tendency toward eternality has been manifested in different forms including myths and literature so the humans considered the demons as their primary enemies. One of the important aspects of demon and his power is causing death,hence struggle for rejecting demons is connected with avoiding death and achieving eternal life. Various poets have created eternal manifestations of combination of the myth of eternality and poetry in the literature scope. This research investigates the subjective and talented commonalities of Sohrab Sepehri and Abdullvahav Albayati with two different nationalities. Avoiding death and immortality in their poems are manifested by reliance on love, nature, being trans-temporal, hyperspace that this article aims to investigate this subject.

The linguistic techniques outlined in Shams's essays adequately assist the audience in expressing mystical concepts. Articles as the only work left by Shams are of particular importance in the history of literature, but have received less attention. The most important reason for this may be in the particular discourse genre of this book, what is at first glance noticed in the articles is the particular style of writing written as spoken notes, as if it were personal notes that never lost their spoken state. And it's not actually written. The oral discourse of the articles is clearly visible elsewhere in the book, and this has given rise to certain linguistic features in the book. The language used in Shams's essays is a specific language and somewhat different from the language of the earlier texts and of course the later periods. Shams's articles have their own style and style, including the use of names that can be better analyzed by analyzing their linguistic features. Onomatopoein is one of the features of spoken language that can easily represent natural situations in real language. The present study, which is a descriptive-analytic and library method designed to introduce some of the text into Shams's articles, shows that Shams has used the phonetic features of language in this work to explain the speaker's interpersonal expressions.

In this article, we have comparatively studied the manifestations of patriotism in the poems of Khairuddin Zarkoli and Ahmad Shoghi. The research method is library and its type is analytical-descriptive. The results of the research show that although these two poets have always paid special attention to the subject of patriotism in their poems, but the frequency of patriotism-related themes in Zarkoli poems is higher than Shoghi poems. In addition, Shoghi has not reacted to the Palestinian issue. Of course, in addition to these differences, there are many commonalities in the field of attention of the two poets to the subject of patriotism. Zarkali has paid attention to the issue of patriotism throughout his life, but Shoghi was not very sensitive to political issues as long as he was in court, and in the later stages of his life, he increasingly paid attention to the issue of patriotism and related topics. Has shown interest. Zarkali loves his homeland more than Shoghi, and this can be cited and inferred due to the remarkable reflection of the issue of grief of homelessness in Zarkoli's poems. Both poets believe that the only way to save nations is national and regional unity. Of course, Zarkali has paid special attention to the issue of Palestine, but Shoghi has not paid much attention to this issue.

A thorough understanding of literary works depends on examining each of them from different angles. Since Beyhaqi's History contains messages in the fields of history, wisdom, and politics, it has often been studied and researched primarily from the perspective of social conditions and governmental and political currents. Which often have a separate identity from the history and politics of the dead. In this article, by meditating on the historical narrative, we seek to explore the process of identity and development of the author by exploring the words of Farklaf, and to look beyond the language of the author, the attitude that is the main foundation of his identity and development. Also, since Kelileh and Demneh's book contains messages in the field of history, wisdom and politics, first of all, it has been studied and researched often from the perspective of social situation and governmental and political currents, and with all its value, it is possible to Research has shown that concepts such as ethics, economic development, doctrinal and religious concepts, etc., have been overlooked.

One of the types of poetry music is internal music, which is more often seen as a repetitive phonetic. This type of music, along with rhymes and rows, is also semantically important in addition to helping to coordinate the phonetic verses. Scholars repeat for a variety of reasons, such as focusing on an issue, showing its importance, and attracting audience feedback. Repetition has a variety of names that are arranged in verbal arrays: phonemes, puns, syllable repetition, word repetition, semantic network, Rad Alsdr Ala Al-Ajz, Rad Al-Ajar Ala Al-Sadr etc. In this study, with the aim of identifying the phonetic properties of Rumi’, s Masnavi and Sanaei’, s Hadighat, we examine the two effects in terms of the way of repetitions using the descriptive-analytical method, and we conclude that the repetition of the word is one of the important elements in these two works. The repetition of the word in the Masnavi is more purposeful and contributed to the semantic coherence and the longitudinal relations of the verses. Other types of repetitions include Repeating at the beginning of the sequence verses, repetitions from the beginning of hemistich, phonemes, semantic networks, syllable repetition, vowel repetition which also seen in Rumi’, s Masnavi and Sanaei’, s Hadighat, but in both of these works have been created in an artistic manner without any tricking.

Satire is one of the ways of spoken combat of speakers through which political and social structures are challenged. There are a variety of methods to make satirical implementation and speakers use their desired way, depending on the intended content of the speaking. In this research the poems of Abolqasem Halat, an Iranian poet and Ahamd Matar, an Iraqi poet, were analyzed regarding the use of satirical methods and we concluded that the difference in contents of the poems of these two writers as well as discrepancy in time and place have caused different methods of satire to be used. Abolqasem Halat focused more on making laugh and amusing and challenging people’, s behavior and in some cases he has ridiculed the lawyers of assembly so he has created the mockery more through using vernacular words, repetition and irony of circumstances but Ahmad Matar has more focused on the political situations and his satire has been more serious and it doesn’, t include any fun or laughter and he used ironical methods and the metaphor of tyranny more.

Cognition, the analysis of decent criticism of literary works, and the lives of their creators is possible only through the study of the geographical environment, social, political and cultural conditions dominant in life scholars. Maqamat is the most important work of Badie Zaman Hamadani that is written in Arabic and first published in Beirut in 51 Maqama. Badi al-Zaman invented a new way of writing Arabic prose,the hero of his Maqamat is Abul Fateh Eskandari, a person who appears in a specific cloth every time and travels to different cities, and speaks on a variety of issues like a mighty literary,this has led to give the names of various cities to his Maqamat. Maqamat are like a literary battleground for Badie Zaman,in a way that he sees the story as a place to display his literary power in using quoted terms with metaphors, irony, proverbs, simile, and many other exquisite industries. Many writers and poets such as Mohammad Mavlihi, Nassif Yazji, Ahmad Shoghi, Mohammad Tofiq Bakri, and Hafiz Ibrahim have also expressed their ideas in the form of Maqama. This research, written with a comparative and descriptive-analytical approach, compares social themes in Maqamat by Badie Zaman Hamadani and Hadith of Isa ibn Hisham by Muhammad Muvlihi. The two most important social themes mentioned in these two works are: corruption, destruction in the state apparatus, the turmoil in the judiciary system, bribery and the excesses of the judges, class differences in Egyptian society in the days of the author, existence of bacchanalian, ethical immorality, larceny, debauchery, usury among the populace and the merits of society.