Journal of Iran's Economic Essays; an Islamic approach
Year:2020 | Volume:17 | Issue:33|Papers Count:12

the role of zakat on the social balance of the Iran’, s economy has been studied by Using the data related to the Iran’, s Income decades and the Agricultural Statistics Yearbook, . In addition, by calculating the parameters of the stochastic model of Zakat, its implications have been investigated in the Iran’, s economy. For this purpose, based on the implications of the traditions, two assumptions are made for the payment of zakat: (1) the payment of zakat to the extent of poverty reduction, and (ii) the payment of zakat to the desired utility. For this purpose, first, the potential capacity of zakat was estimated in the monopoly of nine cases. It became clear that the level of potential zakat in the Iran’, s economy in monopoly versus the volume of poverty is insignificant and can not have a significant impact on poverty alleviation. By calculating the model parameters from Iran's economy data, firstly, the classes gap in the Iran's economy is high and, as the data and static studies confirm, considering the model assumption, there is no possibility of creating a social balance in Iran's economy without reforming the wealth structure of the zakat payer group. This strongly emphasizes that, despite the Zakat solution for poverty reduction for the Islamic economic system, and in a society where relations between phenomena are defined on the basis of different economic systems, Zakat does not have its main function. In other words, in the economic system of Islam, by establishing Islamic economic relations, the various roots of poverty have decreased and by reducing the amount of poverty, Zakat's revenues will not only help to provide the welfare level for all classes of society, but also the surplus of zakat resources can be used in other expenditures of Zakat.

Like conventional bonds, Islamic securities are not risk free. Therefore, it is important to provide solutions to manage this type of risk in the Sukuk structure. One of the remedies used in Islamic countries to prevent default is the restructuring of financial obligations. The purpose of the restructuring is to give the debtor more time to settle his obligations. This descriptive-analytic study, while studying the experience of Islamic countries in restructuring Sukuk as well as experience in usury banking in Iran, introduces restructuring, its implementation process, and also mechanisms for restructuring various types of Sukuk and analyzes it according to the viewpoints of Sharia jurisprudents. These include expanding the maturity, increasing the rate of return, Haircut, Renewal of Contract, Debt Conversion and Debt to Equity swaps. Finally, according to the jurisprudential nature of the basic contract of each type of Sukuk, the mechanism (s) appropriate to each are presented.

Economic justice is one of the principles of Islamic economics and researchers in this field have done extensive theories and studies in order to base economic policy recommendations on this important principle. Basing the theory of economic justice on "entitlement" requires the focus of this group of studies on explaining this idea more and more accurately in Islamic economics. Economic justice in Islamic teachings requires that the society be covered by at least four entitlements: adequacy, balance, share of production factors and customary moderation. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method and using mathematical methods, we will explain the lower limit of poverty and provide solutions to estimate it, while comparing it with the poverty line in a conventional economy. The result of this article shows that the poverty line and the lower limit of sufficiency are two completely separate criteria and according to the narrations, the first turning point of income distribution can be considered as sufficiency and in most cases the sufficiency is above the poverty line.

Foreign effects are the costs or benefits that are transferred from one economic activity to another outside the form of market transactions. Given the existence of grounds for the formation of foreign influences in our society, this issue can be studied in the Iranian economy. One of the aspects to be studied in this field is the evaluation of the degree of conformity of the existing approaches in dealing with foreign influences in the Iranian economy. Among economic ideas, neoclassicists and neo-institutionalists have played a prominent role in the introduction and expansion of foreign influences. In this article, in a descriptive-analytical method, after drawing a legal approach from the neoclassical economics and neo-institutionalism approach and identifying the rules of civil liability compatible with each of the mentioned approaches, the compatibility of these approaches with the civil liability system governing Iranian law is evaluated. According to the results, first, the system of civil liability in Iranian law, contrary to the neoclassical approach, is not formed solely on the basis of pure responsibility, and second, it has not followed the approach of net maximizing the social interests of the new institutionalism. Both of these consequences are due to the fact that the system of civil liability in Iranian law is not in line with the goal of economic efficiency.

One of the important economic phenomenon in Islamic societies intertwined with religion and culture is the phenomenon of oblation. One of the most important types of oblations that are recognizable in past and present societies is the obligatory and non-binding oblations that are performed in the context of religious boards. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the interplay of religiosity in the context of religious boards and macroeconomic indicators including employment rate, Gini coefficient, and GDP. The end is also fuzzy based on the CFCS technique and structural equations with partial least squares (PLS) are used for thoughts analysis based on questionnaire filled by 45 experts. Accordingly, the increase in the volume of the economy has an effect on employment growth with the path coefficient of 0. 48, GDP growth of path coefficient of 0. 3 and the Gini coefficient of path coefficient of 0. 28. Inflation and improvement of the business environment, with the coefficients of 0. 92 and 0. 88 respectively, had the greatest effect on increasing the volume of rainfall in the country, respectively.

Benevolent activities, like other human activities, can be the subject of study in various sciences, including economics. This article seeks to find an appropriate answer to how the Infaq demand function is organized. The results of the analysis of this article, which has been done using descriptive-analytical method and with the method of library and expert inquiry, show that the demand for Infaq is composed of different vectors of characteristics. Therefore, the applicants determine the amount of their demand according to their degree of importance. This article has tried to obtain a complete set of these trajectories and suggestions to strengthen them in the country by using Quranic documents and narration and asking experts. Then, inspired by Lancaster's demand theory, establish the Infaq demand function based on these characteristics and derive the Infaq valuation function by using the Hedonic price function. Identifying the demand function of Infaq and introducing effective vectors in that path provides solutions to strengthen them in order to boost the Infaq market in the country.

One of the main questions in the field of economics is identifying the factors influencing labor productivity. One of the preconditions for this is the influence of religious values as a fundamental motivating factor on the Muslim labor force, which is influenced by Islamic beliefs, and the crystallization of belief in these beliefs can be seen in his behavior. Based on this premise, in order to analyze the behaviors of this important factor of production, it is necessary to discover strategies to strengthen his productivity and influence the quality of human resource performance and extract a list of religious principles affecting the Muslim labor force. However, what is of great importance in such research is the use of appropriate research methods to refer to religious sources to discover appropriate propositions and provide a management model based on which a systematic program for training and productivity growth can be developed. For this reason, this study attempts to combine the two methods of interdisciplinary research "content analysis" and "subject-scientific interpretation" to extract the religious values affecting labor productivity. Also, the alignment of the extracted components with the five-year development plans of the country has been examined along this path. The results indicate that many factors beyond what economic and managerial scholars have stated have had an impact on the workforce and that it is necessary to pay close attention to the teachings of the Islamic religion in the process of transformation and localization of science.

Commodification of affairs and concepts and justifying them to physical goods is the process that began from formation of conventional economics. At this process gradually it has been struggled to put up all affairs and concepts below economic logic and marketized them to transaction. Knowledge is a concept that commoditized after 1950s. This article has been written in analytical method on the base of economic philosophy by critical approach to commodification of knowledge. Knowledge in capital and transactive structure has been entered into economic literature and formed Economics of Science. Based on Economics of Science, knowledge can enter to transaction as commodity on one hand and as capital into economic growth function to improve production and wealth. Staying knowledge as market agent defined market as main motivator of knowledge production and ignored other motivators like need, culture, politics, security, wish and taste. Changing of conditions from marketized knowledge to progressive and perfect knowledge needs some institutions that can satisfied scientist’, s wishes and incentives in to parallel Priority.

Economic resilience refers to the ability to cope with various economic shocks and the extent of recovery after a crisis. The purpose of this paper is to determine the effective factors on Iran's economic resilience index. According to the existing resilience literature, and using the grounded theory approach, theoretical saturation was obtained with respect to the economic resilience components and indicator factors by using the bayesian model averaging approach. In the presence of 63 variables, seven variables were identified which include: risk index, oil revenue to total government revenue ratio, growth rate of government oil revenues, inflation rate, the ratio of government debt to the banking system to liquidity, budget deficit to GDP ratio and the fluctuation of the growth rate of liquidity, as the most important variables determining the resilience of the Iran's economy. Therefore, it is recommended to policy makers to reduce the vulnerability of economic sectors, by taking into account the impact of these variables.

Common financial engineering is a set of sciences or techniques that seek to find new and effective ways to provide optimal funding in the institutional framework of a system governing liberal economics. The main question is whether it is possible to achieve the goals and strategies of the Islamic financial system by simulating them. In order to get the answer, the article first describes the historical and functional course of current Islamic finance and its analysis and pathology. The prevailing approach of Islamic finance is the common passive method (adaptation, simulation, and correction), the common denominator of which is the emphasis on the reconstruction and signing of the achievements of Marginalismin the financial economy. Research at this level, by employing the system of jurisprudence, lacks a specific methodology in line with the objectives. In addition to the problem of lack of consensus on financial issues, the passive approach is associated with risks such as compliance and lack of coordination of components, widespread use of hail, complexity, which in general causes the uncertainty of contract rules and the philosophy of usury. And other certain rules have been applied to transactions. This approach led to the opposition's ridicule and the Islamic Republic's failure to distinguish the common from the common. It is suggested that in the first step, with the approach of systematization and the idea of moderation of jurisprudence, to discover the economic economy from the interests of jurisprudence and ethics and within its framework and in accordance with the goals of patterns, tools and institutions of Islamic financial system to meet real financial needs.

Mushurakah issuance Sukukis one of the financing methods. Although, in practice, the securities of the Mushurakah are not commensurate with the spirit of the Mushurakah, but they are widely used in the financial system, especially in Iran OTC. Mushurakah Sukuk has the ability to buy and sell before maturity and is different from the nominal price in the secondary market. Across the country, Sukuk pricing is done irrespective of the expected rate of return and with the auction or negotiation method, which is flawed. In this paper, the Sukkuk Mushurakah pricing model using expected return in the form of a stochastic differential equation is presented and this stochastic differential model is transformed into a partial differential equation using the self-financing basket and then solved by numerical finite difference method. Finally, using Iranian crossover data and coding in MATLAB software, the participation price pricing process was performed for different expected returns and it was found that by increasing the expected return, the Mushurakah price increase, which is a direct relationship. The expected return and price of Sukuk are also confirmed in the financial literature.

Abstract VAT has been levied with goals such as expanding tax bases and increasing government tax revenues, transferring tax from production and investment to consumption, avoiding double taxation, organizing numerous and disparate tax and complications, and development of financial and tax information through the clarification of economic activities. But its improper implementation may cause some negative consequences. for example, since in the process of production, VAT is received from Entrepreneurs and repaid to them, it remains for a long time with the government and some entrepreneurs, and can harm some others, especially in terms of recession. ownership of received VAT and capturing in it, in the stages before the final consumption, is vague. This kind of tax, is accompanied with tax discrimination and transfers the tax burden, in some activities, and deepens their recession. This tax is not compatible with Islamic principles which do not established any duty on necessary consumption. this article, answering the question of the main challenges of the VAT, suggests this hypothesis that the major challenges of VAT are executive, and its proper implementation can make it more efficient. The outcome of the article is a fairly comprehensive explanation of this tax.