PAZHUHESHNAME-YE ZANAN (WOMEN’S STUDIES)
Year:2012 | Volume:3 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

In the present paper, to analyze the role of Harem women in the reforms of Nasseri’s era, using the rational choice theory as one of the general theories in historical sociology, we described the reasons which these women offered as the cons of the reforms in three reformative period: 1848–1851 (the reforms of Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir); 1859–1862 (the reforms of Nasser al-Din Shah); and 1871–1873 (the reforms of MirzaHossein Khan Sepahsalar). This paper criticized the dominant approach in historical narratives and the analysis that introduce harem women as sexual objects that were simply plaything of the courtiers, governors and clergymen by using their body for seducing. Focusing on two Naser al-Din Shah’s harem women, Mahd-e Olia (1805- 1873) andAnis al-Doleh (1842- 1896), this paper emphasize on the rational choice of this actors and the reasons they are offered to criticize the reforms. This shows that their reasonings are not much different from the other groups who are known as the cons of reforms in Nasseri's era.

Because of human beings lack of insight and his ignorance, the gender problem has created crises and disasters for contraries, as those of the race and nationality problems. Meanwhile, women faced contradictions and experienced a two-directional imbalance of extravagance and undersupply because of their exceptional, wise and different creation and their essential role all over the history. Sometimes they have been assumed as superhuman and raised to level of worshipping and sometimes they have been degraded to inhuman level and considered as a thing or a good. A survey on the religions history and the nations’ cultures shows that the women has never possessed a suitable position and her personality has been assumed out of human being caravan. Of course, the exception is Islam. Islam supported the woman’s rights and her human personality and provided her with equal position as men and finally created a revolution in human thought and the society’s culture of the time in this regard. After the great revolution of the Islam and its consequences, the woman faced an extraordinary change in her problems. However, when the Islam prophet died, a number of events and factors prevented the Islam’s fundamental movement toward realizing the woman’s legal and human position, including deviation of the ruling systems, encountering the domination of the Alavi thought, the rulers’ attempts to vanish the prophet’s speeches, banning to read the prophet’s speeches along with duplicating the false speeches, providing opportunities for story makers to propagate the Israelites in the Islamic Society, the Jew conspiracy and the unity of the Jew and Bani-Omayeh aiming at propagating the Israelites, lack of knowledge and wisdom to answer the time problems and facilitating the return of the Arabic bias and ignorance in problems related to the women, etc. In many religious texts we face subjects about women, which are not in conformity with the holy Quran verses, the Imams’ traditions and the reason. They are in urgent need of precise revision, in order to provide a real viewpoint of Islam about women position in the world.In the present paper, to analyze the role of Harem women in the reforms of Nasseri’s era, using the rational choice theory as one of the general theories in historical sociology, we described the reasons which these women offered as the cons of the reforms in three reformative period: 1848–1851 (the reforms of Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir); 1859-1862 (the reforms of Nasser al-Din Shah); and 1871–1873 (the reforms of MirzaHossein Khan Sepahsalar). This paper criticized the dominant approach in historical narratives and the analysis that introduce harem women as sexual objects that were simply plaything of the courtiers, governors and clergymen by using their body for seducing. Focusing on two Naser al-Din Shah’s harem women, Mahd-e Olia (1805- 1873) andAnis al-Doleh (1842- 1896), this paper emphasize on the rational choice of this actors and the reasons they are offered to criticize the reforms. This shows that their reasonings are not much different from the other groups who are known as the cons of reforms in Nasseri's era.

Revolutions can be divided in two kinds in terms of gender consequences: modernizer and equalizer who women’s rescue is one of their obvious goals; male chauvinists who limit women to family and emphasis on gender differences instead of gender equality. Before studying the concept of women political partnership in contemporary Iranian society, it seems good to understand the attitudes of experts who formulate the constitution towards the issue of woman in their discussions. Our first idea is that fundamental law experts have had a five-aspect attitude (religious, natural, rational, revolution, juridical) to the issue of women and regarded them as an insignificant subset of universality of Islam. Based on this belief, on one hand, the issue of woman was regarded as limited to jurisprudence, since juridical experts dominated the intellectual structure and atmosphere of assembly that formulated the new constitution; on the other hand, collectivism view dominated individualism view, so woman, as an individual in a collection named family, became important and insignificant.

In the works of some Muslim scholars as Qazali, FakhrRazi and KhajeNasirTusi, there are instructions and teachings about styles of behaviors and dealing with women. These instructions are generally discussed in practical philosophy and home thoughts section or along with ethic and political books in which women in roles as mother, wife and daughter are studied, or their nature and entity is considered. In the present paper, we will study the situation of women in Qazali thoughts. He in his three great works in ethics – i.e. Ihya-ye olum al-din, Kimiya-ye sa’adat and Nasih al-moluk-has studied women behaviors and psychology and has presented beliefs about their instructions, educations and rights. We will analyze and criticize his beliefs in these three works. At the same time, considering ethic situation of women in these works, we will try to show the contrasts in the contents and beliefs of the books.

Women in both Shahrzad secret and Zeinab tragedy dramas by Yemeni author Ali Ahmad Baksirhave influential roles in advancing the course of events. Ali AhmadBaksirbelieved that women have remarkable abilities. Shahrzad in Shahrzad secret terminated epidemic crisis as a psychologist. In this drama, Baksir elevates Shahrzad to the extentof the super heroine. Also in Zeinab tragedy, he represents Zeinab in form of a capable woman. But she had tragedy fate in this drama; because despiteher impressive abilities, she doesn’t know well about their traditional society, therefore her efforts failand she is destroyed. Baksir, with his religious approach, tries to show the weak aspect of the heroin. His aim is to represent the ways of exit of such fate for capable women of Islamic society.

Novel writing in the Persian literature is a new literary type which has arisen in constitutional era. This literary type is formed in Iran as entering into social modern era. Realism and attention to socialissues is one of the main themes. Realistic novel in Iran is always in relation with social institutions due to its importance and special performance. Expressing social realities has been considered as the authors’ mission. One of the social concepts in the Persian novels is the family concept. Family in most of the Iranian novels is the key point and the main character is always introduced in the family. On the other hand dealing with human roles in the family reflects the existing realities in the society. Because of social and political conditions dominated in each era, the kind of attention to this issue is different and the authors’ distress to reflect the family problems is fully in conformity with the social status of such era. In more cases, the authors show unlimited social picture within the limited family relations and use the relationships between the family members as a sample to represent social macro-problems to be recognized as a pattern from the social macro-relationships by engaging in details of the close members’ relations. The main purpose of this research is the manner of recreating the family relationships in the Persian novel from the beginning until the 50s which analyses the picture recreated in the literature from this social institute (family) within the general processes form of the realistic fiction.

From the beginning of Persian literature there was an old tradition in Persian poetry to write panegyric poems. Traditionally only men wrote panegyric poems. No evidence can be found to substantiate that female poets wrote panegyric poems. In fact this was done only by male poets. In the history of Persian poetry, Hisam Addin Salar’s daughter was the first panegyrist poetess. Shehad nospecific name. She lived in the twelfth century A.D. and wrote a panegyric poem and dedicated to Seljuk king Ezeddin Keykavous. The king appreciated the poem by sending her a precious prize. No one knows why her name was omitted from the history of Persian literature. But her name and poem is mentioned in a book of history about Seljuk Dynasty. The present article discusses her literary role and elements of her poems.