JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIOLOGY
Year:2020 | Volume:9 | Issue:1|Papers Count:12

The problem of the current paper is the effect of socioeconomic status in electoral participation in the eleventh presidential election in 2014. The question is: are the counties with high level of socioeconomic status have high electoral participation? This hypothesis is inferenced from theoretic approaches: having a high level socioeconomic status is a necessity condition for electoral participation. The methodological approach of this paper is inter-county fuzzy qualitative comparative analysis. For this purpose, secondary data are analyzed. To examine of the hypothesis fuzzy set method and software of SPSS and fs/QCA are applied. The results show that socioeconomic status is usually necessity condition for electoral participation. However, we found that any components of socioeconomic status-educational status, occupational status and income-in single are usually necessity conditions for participation.

Fear of crime is one of the most important social issues in contemporary cities which is influenced by various factors such as social capital and quality of life. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social capital and quality of life with fear of crime among the slummers. This study was conducted via a survey method and using a cluster sampling method among 600 summers in the Tabriz City in 2018. The research findings indicate that the level of fear of crime is moderate. Also, the degree of fear of crime varies according to respondents’,gender and job status. As crime rates among women is higher than that of men. Also, crime rate among the housewives is higher than that of the other occupational groups. There is a reciprocal correlation between the quality of life and social capital with fear of crime. In addition, the sense of well-being, social trust, citizenship standards and social participation were able to explain 20% of the changes in dependent variable.

The present study tries to obtain influential conditions on economical development based on experimental variations of provinces' elite roles within Iran's contemporary political structure by exploring the configurational causal path. The research is a comparative-qualitative method and in order to control conditions such as provinces' elite status within Iran's contemporary political structure, a collection of data relevant to nine provinces which have influential political elite was analyzed using the fuzzy logic method. The Comparing means test shows that there is a significant difference between provinces' levels of economical development based on each province's elite status within the political structure. Results of single necessary and sufficient conditions show that the opportunity structure (external) and cultural capital are sufficient conditions for revealing the (economical development and each of the other causal conditions are necessary conditions by themselves. In configurational causalities, five causal paths based on theoretical and experimental sufficient criteria (coverage and consistency coefficient) have necessary theoretical and experimental importance. Within important causal combination with appropriate coverage and consistency indices, cultural development and opportunity structure (industry and mine) are common and introduced as the final necessary condition.

The present study identifies the pattern of successful launching small and medium-sized enterprises because of the importance of small and medium-sized companies in the community economy and the importance of their success in the start-up phase. The research method is integrated (quantitative-quantitative) which the qualitative part is based on the grounded theory and the quantitative part is based on the partial least squares test. The qualitative data were obtained through interviews with 18 managers of small and medium-sized companies in Khorasan Razavi Science and Technology Park based on theoretical saturation method. In the qualitative section, three categories of organizational factors including internal factors of the organization, external factors of the organization and strategies were identified. These results were tested in the quantitative section where the results of the quantitative data analysis indicated that the model was fit. Also, according to the coefficient of successful launching of small and medium-sized companies, 52. 7% of the dependent variables are influenced by the independent variables entered into the model and the rest are factors that are not considered in the model. Accordingly, internal and external organizational factors as independent variables and organizational strategies as intermediary variables are involved in the successful launching of small and medium enterprises.

One of the most important factors in ensuring the survival of small and medium-sized enterprises is their favorable financial performance. The existence of superior human capital is a major source of advancement in the performance of small and medium sized businesses in various industries, with innovation and operational performance playing an important and significant role in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of human capital development on financial performance through innovation and operational performance in small and medium enterprises of East Azerbaijan Province. This research is a causal and quantitative study which is used to study the relationship between variables using structural equation modeling. Also, analyzes of this study were performed using SPSS version 23 and Smart PLS version 3 software. The results of data analysis show that all relationships between variables are significant. In general, the importance of investing in human capital through the performance of innovation and operational performance can be effective in improving the financial performance of small and medium enterprises. Ultimately, this research for managers and owners of small and medium enterprises offers a different perspective on human capital to improve performance.

The term “, Development”,as a multidimensional construct in sociology, is influenced by many stimuli and factors. Among these factors, in Iran, free zones need a considerable attention. In the development process, by proper application of free zones, an endogenous economy can become an exogenous economy with a more effective role in the international arenas of economy and trade. Free trade zones are important keywords in the economic and commercial literature. Although in the beginning it seems that their main concepts are about commerce, but it should be noted that they are not limited to the economic and commercial fields because they can have deep social and cultural influences. Since so far no comprehensive study about the social impacts of free zones has been carried out in Iran, the present study aims to identify various aspects of this phenomenon. For this purpose, 14 interviews with social issues experts has been conducted. Then, interviews has been analyzed by Thematic analysis method and 28 conceptual categories & 9 themes, including Social Solidarity, Social Justice, Social Ethics, Social Security, Quality of life, Economic Performance, Social Performance, Political Performance & Cultural Performance has been identified and presented in the form of a theoretical framework.

Human resources are important and influential factors in the economic development of any society. For, development is not only measured by GDP and per capita income levels, but also by factors such as women's economic participation in the process. But the available statistics show that women's participation in economic in Iran is very low. Evidence in East Azerbaijan province also indicates a gender gap in economic participation. Accordingly, the purpose of the research is to answer the question of what sociological factors are contributing to the gender gap in economic participation in the province. To this end, the attitude of women in the province has been studied. The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of university graduated and unemployed urban women of East Azarbaijan province in 2017 and the sample size is 371. The sampling method is also cluster sampling. Research findings show that more than 65 percent of women surveyed agree with low economic participation of women. In addition, the relationship between gender stereotypes and patriarchy variables with gender gap in economic participation was significant, but the gender roles variable was not significant. The study concludes that gender gap in economic participation is rooted in negative social beliefs and men's social power.

In recent decades, the family institution because of internal and external factors has undergone various changes and transformations. One of the most important external factors is modernization which has led to a lot of changes in traditional family values in Iran. The present research aims to study the role of modernization in the transformation of traditional family values among different generations. The statistical population of the study is married men and women over 18 years of age in Tabriz city, 600 of them were studied using multi-stage cluster sampling. Participations were divided into four generation groups according to their shared experiences. The research findings indicate that the components of modernization (education, individualism, instrumental rationality, reflexivity, gender egalitarianism, secularization, and consumerism) have had a significant effect on the transformation of family values from traditional to modern in the four generations. Nevertheless, the effect of modernization components on traditional family values is not the same in different generations, and this effect has been increasing from the first generation to the fourth one, so that the modernization components could explain 0. 28 of the variances in traditional family values for the first generation, 0. 31 for the second generation, 0. 34 for the third generation, and 0. 44 in the fourth generation.

Industrialization, as one of the affecting mechanisms on social relation in every society, provides the prerequisites for specialization of economic activity and labor division and then influences the social relations. This paper, based on Durkheim's social division of labor, investigated the effect of industrialization on the level and type of social relations in Iran provinces emphasizing the specialization mechanism. The relationship between industrialization, labor division and social relations have been estimated by the spatial econometric model using data from 2004 to 2014. The findings reveal that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the industrial development, the specialization of industrial activities and labor division. Specialization of economic activities while reducing the mechanical social relation which is based on traditional structures, enhance the organic social relation which is based on formal norms and rules. Since the absolute value of the effect of industrialization on organic social relation is less than the absolute value of the effect of industrialization on mechanic relation, the substitution rate of organic relation for mechanic relation is weak in the process of industrialization. Therefore, the structure of social relation in Iran has not been evolved and developed proportionally along with the condition of an industrialized society.

The development of small and medium-sized businesses in rural areas is the most important rural development strategy, especially the development of rural economies in third world countries. One of the essential requirements for any business, especially small and medium-sized businesses in rural areas, is financing. Financial institutions and lending funds can play a significant role in the development of entrepreneurship, employment and economic development, especially in rural areas, through the provision of low-interest micro-credit. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of Hope Entrepreneurship Fund in the development of micro and small businesses in rural areas of Kashmar city. The present study is a quantitative research in terms of the nature of the applied research and a descriptive-analytical method. Statistical population is small business owners in rural areas of Kashmar city who have used Hope Entrepreneurship Fund facilities. Data collection was done by using both library and field methods through a questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha reliability was 0. 915. The results indicate that the Hope Entrepreneurship Fund's micro-credit facilities play an important role in setting up small and medium-sized businesses in rural areas, and borrowers are more satisfied with the fund's performance than other financial institutions. The findings also indicate that the easier the process of borrowing and bureaucratic borrowing and the amount of lending commensurate with the business startup, the Fund will play a more effective role in the development of rural businesses.

Sustainable development is a function of balance in economic, social and environmental dimensions. Sustainable rural development is hereunder sustainable development. It can be said that tourism is one of the factors influencing rural development. One of the reasons for its importance is the destructive effects of unsustainable livelihoods of the rural economy, which is dependent on basic resources and has become the basis for ecological crises. In the West Azarbaijan province, tourism can be one of the alternative livelihood options in villages located in the catchment area of the lake to alleviate the drying crisis of Lake Urmia, which has severely affected the climate and agriculture of the region. One of the villages in this area, which is also registered as a target village of tourism, is Mirabad village, which is the suburb of Ashnoyeh. A review of resources reveals how to sustain tourism and contribute to sustainable development goals in developing countries is still a major challenge. This paper identifies the factors and barriers to sustainable rural tourism development in the region by using a qualitative-coorporative approach and by using the SWOT method. The factors are ranked and based on the results, strategies for sustainable rural tourism development in the region are presented. The findings of the study indicate that tourism is unstable in the region and the predominance of unstable livelihoods, ignoring the new opportunities, and so on are the causes of this instability.

The purpose of this survey is research on the impact of the organizational culture in social responsibility between employees from Azad University in the Kermanshah City. Its theoretical framework derives from the positivist approach with special emphasis on Carroll's theory. This study was conducted using a descriptive survey method and a questionnaire tool. The statistical population of the staff is Kermanshah County Offices. For analyzing the data, two SPSS and AMOS software were used and statistical tests such as correlation, mean comparison, multiple regression and other tests were used. The sample size was 370 people who were selected by stratified random sampling. The average social responsibility of employees is 79. 88, which ranges from scores ranging from 43 to 120. Responsibility in the studied population is higher than expected (72). Responsibility in the studied community is higher than expected. The correlation between organizational culture and accountability is equal (r = 0. 32). The results show that the organizational culture variable has been able to explain the employees' responsibility. In this sense, by enhancing organizational culture in organizations, we will see employees' accountability. The results of the structural equation model (AMOS) show that the organizational culture variable with a regression coefficient of 0. 623 has a significant effect on the dependent variable. According to the fitting indices of the model, the root mean square residual value (RMR) was 0. 101, the root mean square error estimate (RMSEA) was 080, the standard (relative) quiquar index (CMIN/DF) was 3. 377 And Adaptive Adequacy Fittings (CFI) and Adjustable Adjustable Fitted Indicators (PCFI) with the values of 0. 701 and 0. 666 are acceptable to the model.