GEOGRAPHY AND TERRITORIAL SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
Year:2013 | Volume:2 | Issue:5|Papers Count:10

Emergence and appearance of changes in the role, physical structure and spatial organization of cities is not a haphazard event. But this occurs during a long developmental process and under the influence of economical developments resulting from modifications in nature, technology and production relations, social developments and philosophical progressions. The method used in this paper for data analysis is in the form of secondary analysis. Diagrams were used for elucidation of the issues and processes. In this paper basic principles have been outlined for urban and regional spatial planning benefitting from the scholars' thoughts and viewpoints in this area including Daniel Bell, Fritz Machlup, Alvin Toffler, Frank Webster Yoneji Masuda, Simon Nora, Allen Mank Uri and Manuel Castells who hold views germane to information society. Also the spatial organizing of Tabriz and its urban region has been defined with the dominancy of the new pattern. Besides, Its primary findings embrace uncomplicated and shortened space due to reduction of the system's parts, replacement of parts fusion with their severance, replacement of decentralization from time and place with centralization, converting parts assortment from vertical structure to horizontal, replacement of space dissociation with space integration, replacement of quantitative criteria with qualitative measures in organizing process and conversion of size and scale of system parts from large to small.

Considering the important role of green spaces in health of citizens and sustainability of the city, no comprehensive studies have been performed for knowing the quality and quantity of the effective factors on increase of the attractiveness of these areas, So that it can be said that after the construction of different public parks in the two past decades, no evaluation of the citizens' satisfaction level has not been performed. Considering the subject, field study and the issues of this research, a combination of documentary, analytical and surveying methods has been used for completing the data and information required by this research. The achievements of this research indicates that using urban public parks (compared with the other recreational facilities such as cinema, climbing, gym and pool), is the first priority of more citizens in Birjand. So that using parks in Birjand, has dedicated about 65% of the citizens' outdoor recreational activities. Accordingly, the main strategies for optimizing the citizens use of urban parks in Birjand, based on the needs and priorities of people are as the following: developing the neighborhood and district parks, establishment of the intellectual centers in some of parks, increasing plant species, designing suitable facilities for cold seasons, presenting the outdoor recreational services for different age groups, family groups and groups of friends in the form of designing the appropriate spaces, and promoting the culturalal, art and social facilities of the parks.

Paying attention to tourism attractions in Iran is an inevitable necessity, and since the man made attractions together with natural and cultural attractions can more attract the tourists, so that considering these attractions has a great importance and special position. In this research, a suitability model has been used for finding the best location to establish a Fun park. The data used in this analysis are as the following: a digital map of the island provided in CAD environment, land use layers created in GIS, digital layers of the existing facilities and services in the island, thematic maps including topographical and urban maps, and official statistics and reports. The aim of the present paper is applying a suitability model for the studies of locating fun park based on the criteria including the existing land uses and the available programmable non-build lands in Kish Island. Clearly,, the aim of the present paper is applying a suitability model for the studies of locating fun park based on the criteria including the existing land uses and the available programmable non-build lands in Kish Island. Clearly, This area is about 120 hectares and it is located in the vicinity of recreational areas like Dolphins Park, Shabaviz, Safineh and Simorgh hotels as well as the Navy force recreational complex. With respect to the necessity of observing the ratio of length and width, park is divided in to two areas of 42 and 69 hectares and is located in the arid areas of Dolphins Park. Using the criteria like availability of non-built lands and applying ArcGIS software to create different layers and doing analysis, the process of locating a fun park in Kish island has been performed. As some other socio-economic, cultural and official considerations must be taken into account for site suitability analysis, it is recommended to pay enough attention to the mentioned factors in the future works.

Quality of life today is a complex concept and many social scientists since are not able to present a comprehensive definition. Because, the concept of life quality for different urban citizens, has a different meaning. The survey method of this paper is descriptive - analytical methods. And the method of data collection is a documentary- survey method. The value of studied samples in this research has been calculated as probability and based on Cochran’s formula with a confidence level of 95.5, 320. The questionnaires has been distributed based on the 16 city divisions, And in each of the districts 20 questionnaires has been distributed. Distribution of options for each question has been set in the form of five Likert. In this the techniques of observation, questionnaires, field research, library resources and Internet use have been used. Review the status of the city's quality of life has been done based on economical, social and physical indicators. And also in the review process of selecting criteria for this study, Delphi method (Soroush) has been used to raise the level of its validity. Based on the presented model, the quality of life in each district is ranked according to the points earned in the following table. According to the table, one of the most critical districts in Babolsar city, based on the indicators of life quality is district No.13 (Bi bi seh-roozeh). In fact there is a spatial discontinuity between eastern and western districts, particularly among districts 13, 14, 15, and 16 with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 districts.

One of the major concerns of today’s human is the contamination of agricultural soil with different chemical pollutants, especially heavy metals which is considered as one of the important challenges of agricultural development and hence rural development. The use of a variety of organic and chemical fertilizers, municipal waste, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides and many other agricultural processes that affect locally on the soil potentially will face agricultural and rural development with problem.This research, in order to evaluate the effect of organic manure (animal and compost) on the growth rate and performance of Barbarea Verna (Lepidium sativum) plant as well as the uptake of copper, lead and chromium as heavy metals by the root and aerial organs of the plant, by split plot based on the completely randomized block design with six Treatment and four replications was conducted in the Crop Field Research Paradise of Zabol University in 2008-2009. The Treatments consists of plots contaminated with heavy metals three Treatments (manure, compost and chemical fertilizer) and non-contaminated plots three Treatments (manure, compost and chemical fertilizer). The results showed that the non-contaminated Treatments compared with contaminated Treatments enjoyed higher performance. But this difference was not statistically significant. Considering the comparison of the data average, the most performance of Barbarea Verna plant was obtained from the chemical fertilizer Treatment non-contaminated with heavy metals(6.09 ton/ha) and the least performance of Barbarea Verna plant was also taken from the manure Treatment contaminated with heavy metal(4 ton/ha). The results of data variance analysis showed that among various types of fertilizers, from the view of heavy elements accumulation in the plant mass, there is a significant difference. The comparison of data average of both contaminated Treatment and non-contaminated Treatment indicated that the accumulation of heavy elements both in the root tissue and in the aerial organs of Barbarea Verna plant that were treated with various types of fertilizers contaminated with heavy metals was more than non-contaminated Treatments.

Tourism and its development is an essential factor for rural development programming. Tourism helps greatly to rural economic growth and it was a way for presenting local productions and creating value added. Further more, tourism can be very important resource for non-experts employment, particularly for women and rural poor immigrants. The review of reliable writings has shown that the number of researches in rural tourism in Iran is so small, and this gap appears in Keramnshah province more than other parts of Iran, Because the villages and rural areas are a part of our heritage, it is necessary to consider them more and to solve their problems. One of these villages is Upper Charmale which is considered as one of the 14 goal tourism villages of Kermanshah province. This study is an applied and development method from goal point of view and from paradigm point of view is placed in qualitative group and has employed grounded theory as the research method and is based on apriori approach. With respect to the studies of the researcher about the methodology of Grounded theory, According to the findings of this research, one of the main problems of people in Upper Charmale is the lack of infrastructural and recreational facilities which has negative effects on attracting the tourists. Jangchi Kashani(2000) argued that in each area, although there may be a good and rich potential for tourism attractions, but if no attention is paid to infrastructural facilities, there may be confronted with failure. The results have shown that these difficulties are as the following: the lack of infrastructural facilities, lack of proper and timely advertisement, lack of motivation of local people, lack of sufficient supporting by government, and limitations including climatic limitations and lack ofcorrect statistical data.

The manner of distribution and dispersion of production activities and establishment of industrial units in different regions depends on the decisions of these units for locating in specified areas. But there are important and great factors which are effective in this decision making and production units by considering these factors, will select the proper location and region for their settlement.So, it can be indicated that the above said factors make a kind of centralization named as geographical centralization in industry which is one of the most important elements of the market structure. In this study, by measuring the provincial geographic concentration index in terms of employment and by using EG index, we study the impact of effective factors on this kind of centralization for the time period of 2000-2006, for which the econometric model of data panel, pooling method and Eviews 6 software were used.The results of this assessment for the study period shows that the three provinces of Semnan, Qazvin and Tehran has the most rate of geographical centralization of different activities in themselves. Also the factors including human capital, access to transportation and access to markets respectively has the most significant influence on the geographic concentration of industries in the province. Also the human capital variable in comparison with other factors affecting on geographical concentration of activities, has the greatest explanatory power in the model The significant of human capital factor and its strong and positive relationship with the rate of geographical centralization is the strong point for the policies of the state for regulating geographical centralization in the provinces and different areas of the country, so that the state by increasing the quantity and quality of this type of investment, particularly in deprived provinces ¬ will be able to reduce geographic concentration and take a very important step to create a regional harmonious development.

The nature has always shown its destructive face with the phenomena such as floods, volcanoes, earthquakes and.... These risks have been always considered as a threat to human activities. Davarzan basin as a case study has been studied from this approach. This basin is located in west of Sabzevar Plain. The area of this basin is equal to 498.69 kilometers. The issue under study is that every year a large portion of the river water is wasted and damages to agricultural activities. The research aim is to determine the flooding zones by zoning maps. Lack of hydrometric station, hydrological data and statistics and impassable of the areas at upstream of the basin for field works and the necessity for long term measurements have been the main problems of this research. In this study, GIS software and conceptual models have been used as the main tools. In determining the flooding zones, several factors are involved and each with different degrees of importance impact on zoning, thus, the natural condition like slope, lithology, morphometry, soil type, CN and vegetation condition are the main data of research. However, fuzzy algebraic sum operator as recognized 91.03% of the basin with very high flooding and 0.13 percent with flooding and therefore davarzan basin has low flooding sensitivity. Thus the fuzzy gamma operator among all operators in the models studied in GIS, has the high accuracy in flood zoning of basins in davarzan basin. This model also has determined 18.82 percent of the basin located in high zone of flooding and 24.62 percent of basin is placed in very high flooding. Units that are consistent with low flooding shall have the lowest weight. So that 19.32 percent has been identified as low flood and 37.24 percent as moderate flood. Finallt, the final result has been presented in the form of zoning maps.