Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage
Year:2021 | Volume:15 | Issue:4|Papers Count:20

Asset allocation to pressurized irrigation systems along with evaluating their efficiency has been considered by water industry experts and officials in recent years. To this purpose, identifying the factors and components affecting the costs of an irrigation system is a very important issue that has received less attention. On the other hand, one of the main problems of data-based modeling is determining the most effective input variables in estimating a given output. Gamma test is one of the most important tools that can be used to analyze the sensitivity and select the most important feature from a large number of features affecting the output. Therefore, this study aims to determine the most effective features on the cost of drip irrigation systems in four parts, including the Cost of pumping station and central control system (TCP), Cost of on-farm equipment (TCF), Cost of installation and operation on-farm and pumping station (TCI) and Total cost (TCT). First, data of 100 drip irrigation projects implemented in different parts of the country were collected and it was prepared a database containing 39 important and influential variables in the cost of the mentioned parts. WinGamma software was used to analyze the sensitivity and select input variables affecting the cost of different parts of drip irrigation systems. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the best evaluation criteria were obtained in TCP and the numerical amount of gamma statistic, Expected Absolute Error, Gradient statistic, Standard Error of Γ, , coefficient of determination (R2), and V-Ratio index were recorded as 0. 048, 0. 219, 0. 008, 0. 024, 0. 87 and 0. 192, respectively, which indicate the high correlation between the experimental variables and the cost of the corresponded sector. To find the optimal combination of data for cost modeling, we used Genetic Algorithm (GA), Hill Climbing (HC), and Full Embedding (FE). The results showed that the number of required variables and the optimal input combination, which covered 40 and 90% of the variables (16 and 35 variables, respectively) in GA and HC method reached 20% in the FE method and only eight variables were selected for cost modeling and also the results of this method were selected as the superior model. Moreover, the result of the hybrid model revealed the simplest and most optimal model was obtained when QT (l/s) (total amount of available water flow), SR (m) (plant row spacing), QE (l/s) (emitter flow), T (h) (number of working hours per day) and NIT (n) (number of irrigation shifts) were used as the optimal input combination to modeling the cost of drip irrigation systems. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to identify the variables affecting the costs of pressurized irrigation systems and finally the economic modeling of these systems.

Accidental or intentional entry of pollution into water distribution networks as one of the vital life lines of any country, causes extensive damage in society. Early detection and warning of contaminant injection in the water distribution network is of significant importance. In order to optimize the location of quality sensors, this study presents a new algorithm based on uncertainty in pollution entry location and time and water demands. For the first time, this study presents a bi-objective algorithm using the results of single-objective PSO optimization simultaneously for one of the NSGA-Ⅱ,constraints based on water requirement uncertainty by the Minimax method and robust approach. The two goals are to minimize the maximum possible damage caused by the contaminated water consumed and to minimize the cost of sensor preparation and installation. In this study, considering three scenarios (S1, S2 and S3), arsenic injection with concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg / l from different nodes and in different time steps are investigated. The results of the developed model on a reference network reveal that in each of the three injection rate scenarios S1, S2 and S3, the installation of only one sensor reduces the damage by 75, 70 and 61%, respectively. Also, the entry of pollution from 19: 00 and 20: 00 leads to a critical scenario. Although, the location of the sensors depends on the concentration of the injected contaminant, the highest repeated location in the generated responses was found in nodes 5, 17, and 19. The proper formation of the Pareto front in all three scenarios of injection rate showed that for all parameters with uncertainty, the robust approach generates justified responses with a minimum deviation of the objective function from its optimal value.

Soil water Infiltration plays an important role in the water cycle of nature. However, since the direct measurement of soil water infiltration is laborious, time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, in this study was conducted to investigate the possibility of estimating the coefficients of water infiltration equations such as Kastiakov, Kastiakov-Lewis, Horton and USA Soil Conservation Service (SCS) using readily available soil properties and to evaluate the validity of these functions outside of their derivation regions. Therefore, soil physical properties and cumulative infiltration were measured in two different regions (T1 and T2). Parametric functions were derived using T1 location measurements and validation was performed using independent T2 measurements. Cumulative infiltration was measured using double rings with three replications at 78 points. Parametric functions were created using multiple linear regression. The highest accuracy of parametric functions in the derivation stage was related to SCS equations with the coefficient of explanation (R2) equal to 0. 66 and the lowest accuracy with the value of R2 equal to 0. 04 was related to the power of Horton equation. In the validation stage, the accuracy of the functions showed a large decrease. R2 changes range from 0. 00 to 0. 26, normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) range from 1. 76 to 80. 93 and geometric mean error ratio (GMER) range from 0. 94 to 1. 73 Was obtained. Therefore, in this study, the use of parametric functions to estimate the coefficients of infiltration equations outside of their derivation regions was not efficient.

Accurate estimation of sedimentation of a watershed is one of the most important issues in water engineering, river engineering, water resources, water facilities and structures, and the environment for the implementation of development plans and programs. The great variability in the equations has made it difficult to calculate the amount of sediment load in the river and the not exsit of information on how to extract the equations. In this paper, after collecting the necessary information in Benkooh hydrometric station and preparing the riverbed granulation, the amount of river bed load in this hydrometric station, using different regressions and calculating through several experimental relationships used to calculate the amount of sediment load The river floor was calculated. The results of these relationships were compared with the results recorded in the hydrometric station and other relationships used, indicating that the relationship between the tuff and the error rate of 22. 71 in the RMSE coefficient of acceptable ability to calculate the amount of bed load in the area Has been studied, so it was chosen as the best model. The effective parameters in the sensativity analysis were analyzed and the results showed that the amount of floor load calculated in this method depends on the value of the flow velocity parameter and changes in water flow velocity in the river have a significant effect on the amount of sediment load.

Due to the lack of hydrological and meteorological stations in our country, the use of data-based models in estimating the maximum flood discharge is essential. In this research the efficiency of Gene Expression Programming Models and Support Vector Machine are evaluated involving peak flood discharge prediction of Mahneshan-Angoran basin as a case study, central Iran. For this purpose, observational data of 36 annual maximum daily flow (1975-2011), corresponding rainfall and average monthly temperature of three stations including Mehrabad, Yangikand and Qarahgoni were used. The observed and predicted peak discharge flows in both models were compared based on the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), explanatory coefficient (𝑅, 2) and Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) criteria. The mean values of RMSE in the validation stage for the GEP model in Yingikand, Qarahgooni and Mehrabad stations are equal to 0. 049, 0. 080 and 0. 050, respectively, and in the training stage are equal to 0. 042, 0. 060 and 0. 047, the mean values of 𝑅, 2 in the validation stage in above mentioned stations are equal to 0. 88, 0. 86 and 0. 87, respectively, and for the training stage estimated equal to 0. 89, 0. 89 and 0. 92. NSE values in the validation stage is equal to 0. 75 for all three stations. However that is equal to 0. 77, 0. 76 and 0. 80 for the mentioned stations in the training stage. Also, the RMSE values in the SVM model for the validation stage are equal to 0. 042, 0. 040, 0. 054, respectively, and in the training stage are equal to 0. 053, 0. 064 and 0. 044. 𝑅, 2 values in the validation stage are equal to 0. 66, 0. 85 and 0. 73. Also for the training stage are equal to 0. 86, 0. 88 and 0. 91. NSE values for validation are equal to 0. 56, 0. 75 and 0. 61 and for the training stage are equal to 0. 71, 0. 77 and 0. 80. According to the evaluation criteria, the GEP model performed relatively better and this model is more suitable for predicting floods in Mahneshan-Angoran basin.

Subsurface leaky irrigation systems are one of the novel irrigation systems developed in recent years. In this system, the pipes are located below the soil surface and water is distributed in root zone with a very low pressure of less than one meter water column. This system can be widely used in small gardens with quantitative and qualitative water restrictions. Optimal design of these systems depends on the effect of different parameters on water infiltraion and wetting pattern. For this reason, the volume of water infiltration is investigated at different Subsurface leaky irrigation strategies. The inlet discharge and volume of applied water at each strategy differs from 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 35 liters per second and 30, 60 and 90 liters, respectively. The humidity of the soil is also measured in wetting area at the end of each experiment. The results show that inlet discharge in feeding stage has dramatic effect on water infiltration, while the volume of applied water has more effects in discharg stage. Measurements of wetting pattern at the end of experiments also showed that water infiltration increased by 17% with increasing the inlet discharge into the system. The developed models in feeding phase and discharge and feeding phase in non-free surface flow had correlation coefficients of 0. 69, 0. 77 and 0. 66, respectively, which show their higher accuracy in comparison with other phases.

At the beginning of the conversion of precipitation into runoff, some of the precipitation is absorbed by the soil or penetrates deep into the earth and the rest becomes surface runoff. By determining the runoff and erosion simultaneous threshold can help to watersheds proper management. In this study, in order to determine the runoff and erosion simultaneous threshold using erosion different components in different land uses of Gachsaran Formation, a part of the Kuhe Gach watershed of the Izeh city with an area of 1202 hectares was selected. In this study, the relationship between the runoff and erosion simultaneous threshold and erosion different components such as soil permeability and the amount of sediment and runoff in different land uses of Gachsaran Formation was done using multivariate regression. Then, sampling of erosion different components at 6 points with three replicates and at different rainfall intensities of 0. 75, 1 and 1. 25 mm in min, in 3 land uses of the range, residential area and agricultural lands with the help of the device rain simulator was performed. SPSS and EXCEL software were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that in estimating the runoff and erosion threshold in all three-land uses, the amount of sediment and then the degree of soil permeability had the most positive and negative effects and the amount of runoff had no role in modeling. The positive effect of the amount of sediment in general on the runoff and erosion threshold in five cases and its negative effect in three cases and the positive effect of soil permeability in modeling in general on the runoff and erosion threshold in three cases and affecting its negative is three cases.

One of the main causes of the water crisis in Iran is the lack of a well-organized framework for providing information about water balance components and water uses. Therefore, the use of a water accounting framework is a necessity. The purpose of this study is to show the capacity of the WA + framework for the preparation of water accounts in Rokh-Neishabour basin, which is presented in four main sections: Organizing information, reporting, planning and assessing. The Organizing information section includes the collection of data from various sources, including of satellite measurements and modelling. The planning section include scenario development that in this study, two scenarios of reducing aquifer withdrawals were considered which were in line with the approvals of the Supreme Water Council. Reporting was done by completing various WA + sheets for three years inculding wet, normal and dry under real and scenario conditions. The assessing section was presented by the indicators for each sheet and for real and scenarios conditions. The results of the water situation in the basin showed that in Rokh-Neishabour basin, a sharp drop in aquifer storage occurs every year. Also, about 80% of rainfall in the basin evaporates and becomes unavailable. Finally, the findings of using scenarios to reduce aquifer withdrawals (according to aquifer restoration plan( showed that if the aquifer withdraw was equal to renewable water, the annual aquifer deficit would reach zero and its reserve would increase.

The present study was conducted to simultaneously investigate the effect of rectangular free jet and semicylindrical roughness on hydraulic jump characteristics. This study was performed inside a flume in the form of a rectangular channel 10 meters long and 30 centimeters wide. Then the jet with flows of 3/2, 2, 2/5 Liters per second with the maximum displacement effect of the beginning of the jump and the angle without changing the beginning of the jump to the end of the hydraulic jump. Take this angle as The angle was named ineffective and with the increase of the jet angle, the jump moves upwards and from one angle onwards, the jump does not move upwards. This angle was named as the maximum displacement angle. Decrease or increase, jump length, The secondary depth of the relative energy drop and shear stress force of the bed is used. The secondary was smoothed to a jetless state. Deployment The jet with an angle of 127 (inertial angle) degree, maximum landing number (9. 64) flow and semi-cylindrical roughness reduces to 0. 12% compared to the state without jet and smooth bed. The highest reduction in jump length (34. 7%) occurs when the maximum flow angle from the jet and the flow rate is 3. 2 liters per second and in the conditions of the lowest landing number (6. 64) and the maximum increase in the 70 degree angle mode, the maximum jet flow And the maximum landing number in a flat bed is 8. 16%.

Carla is a medicinal plant whose fruit is used to treat diabetes. In this study, the effect of water stress and nitrogen on quantitative parameters of Carla was investigated. The experiment was performed in greenhouse conditions in a factorial manner and in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included three irrigation water treatments (50, 75 and 100% of the amount of irrigation water, I1, I2 and I3, respectively) and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (100, 125 and 200 kg / ha, N1, N2 and N, respectively). Levels of water stress during the growing season and the weight of the pot and soil water shortage to field capacity in irrigation water by adding the amount was applied to them. And the amount of water added to each pot during the growing season also were measured Harvesting was done once a week. A total of five harvests were performed. In each harvest, the parameters of number, weight, diameter and length of fruit and the amount of chlorophyll a and b in each pot were carefully measured. Also, yield and water use efficiency were calculated at the end of the growing season in each treatment. The results showed that the effects of irrigation water and nitrogen levels at the level of one and five percent probability on the measured parameters were significant. With decreasing irrigation water, the amount of quantitative parameters and plant yield decreased. The highest value of parameters was obtained from 100% irrigation water treatment, which was not significant in this regard with 75% irrigation water treatment. Under full irrigation conditions, the use of 100% nitrogen fertilizer increased yield and greenery indices. The highest yield was obtained in N3 treatment (full nitrogen consumption) of 15. 4 tons per hectare and the highest water productivity was obtained from N3 treatment (2. 12 kg / m3). Also, the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and water stress showed that in severe water stress levels, full use of nitrogen fertilizer (N3 treatment) reduced the yield of Carla plant. Therefore, in severe water stress levels (50% irrigation water treatment), the amount of nitrogen consumption should be reduced to 75%.

Given the increasing consumption of drinking water and agricultural production in the future, as well as the shortage of fossil fuels, it is necessary to use a solar energy source to desalinate salt water. Is. The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction of optimal water production conditions in solar distillation systems in 2019 in four solar distillation systems, in two directions north-south and south-north in the distillation irrigation greenhouse of the Faculty of Water Engineering and Environment of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The experiments were performed in one month under the conditions (without insulation and closed mirrors,with insulated and closed mirrors,with insulated and open mirrors,without insulated and open mirrors, each in one week). In Abshahr reservoirs, salinity was determined by NACL salt and embedded in reservoirs,The water depth in the reservoirs was fixed and two centimeters. Climatic data were measured to assess the conditions. The results showed that the openness of the mirrors in the tanks with south-north cover slope caused an increase in water production by up to 20% and in the tanks with north-south cover slope caused a decrease in production by up to 38%. Ionolite insulation in tanks reduced production by up to 30%,In all conditions, the south-north direction reservoirs had a lower production rate than the north-south direction reservoirs. Therefore, the closure of the mirrors and the north-south direction were the optimal conditions for water production.

Simulation in groundwater flow is important for agricultural use and access to high quality groundwater. In many arid countries of the world, especially Iran, the main source of water supply is groundwater reserves. This study, using geostatistical analyzes, has investigated the environmental effects of heavy elements of Gol Gohar Goljan iron ore mine in Sirjan. For this purpose, heavy metal elements (iron, copper, chromium, cadmium, antimony, arsenic) were sampled from 115 groundwater samples. Then, by drawing a histogram, preliminary statistics and exploratory-spatial information obtained from the data of the study area were examined. The experimental half-change of each parameter was calculated using isatis software and fitted with Gaussian, spherical, linear and exponential models. After variography, Gaussian simulation in a block model prepared in the study area was performed 100 times and the map obtained from Gaussian simulation of each of the mentioned variables was prepared. In addition to examining the spatial coherence of the variables, the probability and uncertainty map was prepared according to the EPA drinking water standard and the points where the concentration of heavy metals was within the allowable drinking water limit or above the threshold were determined. The validation results were finally compared with the simulation results and the original values. The results of the studies showed that the highest risk of contamination of heavy metals iron, copper, arsenic and chromium, according to the EPA drinking water standard, is related to Gol Gohar iron ore mineral areas and long wells in Kefahnamak, Khairabad and Qatarbaneh area. Also, the results of studies on the element antimony showed that most of the groundwater resources in the study area are contaminated with this element and are not drinkable according to the EPA limit. Groundwater at points KH1, KH2, KH3 and CHD20 had the highest concentration of cadmium, and probability maps of each element were prepared.

Groundwater resources are one of the most valuable national resources, and the protection of its quality is vital. One of the best ways to prevent groundwater pollution is to study the spatial changes in their quality and manage the utilization of water resources and land use. In terms of accuracy and effect of interpolation and origin, this study analyzes a comparison between OK, RBF and IDW interpolation methods for Pb, Zn and Cd concentrations in Astaneh plain study area. Also, the difference between the accuracy and uncertainty of interpolation and the source of pollution was analyzed and the results show that based on the spatial distribution of elements in the most polluted area in the southeast of the area around the coal and marble mine in the conservation area. Has been blacked out. Pollution has decreased from the south to the north of the region and the lowest amount of pollution is in the north of the region and near Bojagh National Park and Caspian Sea. According to WHO standards, it can be seen that for Zn, the whole area is within the WHO allowable range, the standard limit is 15 mg / L and the maximum Zn in the area is 1. 64 mg / L. For Pb only small areas in the north of the area are within the allowable range. For Cd, the permissible limit of the global standard is 0. 003 mg / L, which due to its spatial distribution, the whole area is contaminated with this element. Higher uncertainty of the elements is primarily distributed around the mines, which is related to the spatial diversity of toxic elements caused by human intervention. In addition to mining activities, the entry of industrial and municipal wastewater and effluents into groundwater resources can be considered as the cause of water pollution in the study area.

Dam Weirs are used to regulate the water level. About 33 percent of dam failures have occurred due to insufficient capacity of weirs. One way to prevent is to use weir with nonlinear crest, such as labyrinth weir. In this study, the effect of dentate and orifice as well as a combination of both in the weir and in three magnification ratios of 2, 3 and 4 were investigated. The experiments were performed in a rectangular laboratory channel 15 meters long, 0. 8 meters wide and 1 meter high with a flow rate of 10 to 90 liters per second. Nine physical models of weirs were used in this study, which were 3 mm thick, 15 cm high and 40, 60 and 80 cm long. Also, quarter cylinders with a radius of 1. 5 cm were installed as aerators on the simple weir models. The results showed that aerators increase the discharge coefficient up to 13% compared to simple labyrinth weir. But with the increase in flow as well as the magnification of the labyrinth weir, this effect will be very small. Studies showed for L/W= 2 and H/P= 0. 2, the discharge coefficient of orifice-dentate weir and dentate weir are 75. 6 and 17. 5 percent, respectively, more than the simple labyrinth weir. However, dent and orifice may lose their efficiency in high heads and the discharge coefficient will be close to simple labyrinth weir. The reason for these changes is the flow interference in downstream of weir which will be more by creating dentate and orifices. Also, increasing the magnification of labyrinth weir reduces the discharge coefficient, but this reduction in orifice-dentate labyrinth weir is much greater than the other two types of weirs and reaches up to 40%. Therefore, the orifice-dentate labyrinth weir performance at high magnification ratios does not seem appropriate.

Cropping pattern optimization is an important strategy in the optimal use of water in agriculture. The present study attempted to develop and evaluate four hybrid models based on maximizing economic return rate and minimizing risk based on risk indices including variance (MVar model), semi-variance (MSVar model), absolute value deviation from mean (MADev model) and conditional value at risk (MCOVaR model). The MCOVaR model is governed by observing the rules, which at a selective confidence level allows determining the best cropping pattern scenario with selective return rate and the lowest risk that can be measured in the decisionmaking stage. The data used are related to the downstream irrigation network of Ardabil Yamchi Dam and for the 1397-98 crop year. The development of the model in MATLAB is based on nonlinear programming and optimization problem solving using particle swarm algorithm in a multi-objective solution. The highest correlation coefficient in regression of the models with Fourier equation was R2=0. 9997 with accuracy (RMSE=0. 0011) for MADev model, The results showed that the highest yield of 0. 31 belonged to potatoes with a maximum risk of 58% and the lowest yield of 0. 13 belonged to the maize plant with a maximum risk of 63%. By calculating 50 scenarios of the best possible cropping patterns in terms of satisfying the target functions and governing conditions, the pareto front of each model was drawn and the table of system income values for risk levels of 20% and 30% was extracted and presented. The results obtained in all models indicate an increase in economic efficiency by increasing the risk level of the system in selecting the optimal cropping pattern and this increase in MADev model is more steep than other models and increasing risk-taking leads to increasing the area under cultivation of plants with more water consumption.

Improvement and enhancement of water productivity is one of the effective and applied solutions to produce valuable gardens products under stress conditions in the country, and especially in Fars province as one of the regions producing garden products. Therefore, determining applied water and water productivity in apple gardens of Fars province was the main objective of this study. In this study, a total of 24 apple gardens were selected in three districts of Abadeh, Eghlid and Sepidan, having the largest cultivated area and production of apple as the experimental pilots. The volume of water (using flume or volumetric devices), apple yield and soil characteristics, meteorological variables and irrigation parameters were measured in experimental gardens. Results showed that average yield was 30. 2 t ha-1. Applied water varied from 17956 to 23040 m3 ha-1. Water productivity varied from 0. 07 to 6. 28 kg m-3 and averaged 1. 67 kg m-3. Although changing irrigation systems from surface to drip ones reduced water consumption, but increased the yield and therefore insignificantly increased water productivity.

Biochar as a soil amendment improves soil physical and chemical properties, increase nutrient availability, decrease greenhouse gases, reduce nutrient leaching and ultimately increase crop production. Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limit plants growth. Arid lands have a little organic matter, and because of high pH, nutrients deficiency was observed in these soils. In order to study the effect of biochar on growth and concentration of nutrient in basil under water stress, one factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was carried out in Karaj, Iran. Experimental treatments included three levels of deficit-irrigation 100, 75 and 50% of water requirement of basil (a1, a2 and a3) and three levels of application of biochar 10, 5 and 0% by volume of each pot (b1, b2 and b3). The results of analysis of variance and comparison of the mean of measured traits (fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots) showed that these traits were significantly different under the influence of different levels of irrigation and biochar application,So that the highest value of each of these traits was observed in treatment a1b1 and the lowest value was observed in treatment a3b3. The highest percentage of nitrogen (2. 83 %) and phosphorus (0. 16 %) was observed in the medium water stress treatment and the application of 10% by volume of biochar (a2b1) and the highest percentage of potassium (1. 21 %) was observed in the a3b1 treatment. Also, the highest water productivity was obtained based on fresh (3. 53 kg / m3) and dry (0. 44 kg / m3) basil leaves in a3b1 treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of biochar in conditions of water stress has an effective role in improving nutrient uptake, which ultimately leads to increased vegetative growth and water productivity of basil.

The importance of roots and the pattern of water uptake from soil is one of the effective factors in the growth and development of crops. The distribution of roots in the soil is different under various agronomic conditions and the application of appropriate management will lead to increased water uptake by the roots and increase water use efficiency and ultimately crop yield. For this purpose, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation (Sb), surface drip irrigation (S) and surface drip irrigation with plastic mulch (Sm) which has been considered in limited studies, on water use efficiency, yield and simulation of water movement and root water uptake by HYDRUS-2D model and its characteristics was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replicated at Research Field of Agriculture Faculty of Urmia University in 2018-2019 growing season. Results showed that the treatment (Sm) and (S) had 36. 6 tons per hectare and 2. 1 kg per cubic meter, respectively. Also, the highest volume and weight of roots was obtained from treatment (S), respectively, 325. 6 gr and 251. 8 ml. Based on the simulations, it was found that changes in soil moisture in treatment (S) occurred more at the soil surface, but in treatment (Sb) these changes in soil depth and in treatment (Sm) at a certain depth that a small distance It can be seen from the surface of the soil.

Virtual water can be considered as a solution for the water crisis in arid countries which they have water scarcity. Meat products utilize far more virtual water than plant products. Therefore, estimating the virtual water of livestock products and revealing its information can play an important role in adopting proper management policies to reduce the pressure on water resources. The aim of this study was to determine the virtual water content of boneless meat and the meat without bones. In order for that, virtual water of livestock products of 28 cities located in Khorasan Razavi province was calculated for years 1394, 1395 and 1396. In this study, by calculating the water need of animal feed with CROPWAT software, the amount of virtual water of livestock products was estimated. Calculations revealed the highest and the lowest "virtual water of cow with bones" among all three types of purebred, native and hybrid cows in Bajestan (30523 ) and Quchan (4956 ), respectively and the highest and the lowest "virtual water content of boneless cow" is among the three types of cows in Gonabad (57917 ) and Quchan (7894 ). The highest and the lowest "virtual water of boneless mutton”,are in Gonabad (5643 ) and Mashhad (763 ), respectively, and the highest and the lowest "virtual water content of mutton without bones" are in Sabzevar (6446 ) and Mashhad (864 ).

Water distribution and soil moisture changes are necessary to design the irrigation system that are costly and time consumer. This study aimed to estimate the performance of HYDRUS-1D model to estimate the distribution of soil moisture in the surface and subsurface drip irrigated in wheat cultivation using ET-HS model to estimate water demand in the arid region. A field experiment was conducted with three depth of emitter installation (0-15 and 30 cm) and moisture measurement at six soil depths (10 to 60 cm) with four repetitions for two consecutive years in arid and semi-arid areas of Isfahan. For this reason, Soil moisture was measured using soil moisture detector device (Diviner 2000) every day. Simulated and field data were compared on the basis of statistical indicators. The results showed that except in 0-10 cm with coefficient of determination (R2 = 0. 74), other layers have high R2 value and best fit was at a depth of 10-20 (R2=0. 93). The root mean square error (RMSE) index values were low except in the surface layer (0-10) with 0 and 30 cm depth of emitter. Highest and lowest values of coefficient of residual mass (CRM) was 0. 008 and-0. 0046, respectively. Based on aforementioned results of the evaluation, the model can be used for optimal management of irrigation in arid and semi-arid.