Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research
Year:2013 | Volume:3 | Issue:5|Papers Count:13

Due to the influence of Arabic language on Persian language, large number of words in Persian language are either borrowed from Arabic language or coined based on Arabic morphological template. The question which arises here is whether the phonological representations of the mentioned words follow those of Arabic template? If they do so, it could be deduced that recognition of short vowels in Persian orthography is rule-based. In present study 15 Arabic template, based on which a large number of Persian words are coined, were studied and it was deduced that recognition of short vowels in Persian orthography is not necessarily rule-based.

The present study attempts to determine the degree of uniformity between the written and spoken forms of text through the study of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in Persian and comparing it with English. To achieve this goal, different possible relationships between phonemes and graphemes were categorized into 6 numbered groups. Then two Persian and English short story collections were chosen and 5000 words of each book were studied. Each grapheme is matched with its corresponding phoneme, and then they are compared to determine the type of grapheme -phoneme relationship for each pair. Finally, it was determined that in both languages under study, a lack of one-to-one relationship between grapheme and phoneme was more discernible among vowels than among the consonants. A complete uniformity between the written and spoken forms of the text was also found to occur one and a half times more in Persian than in English.

This article deals with the Persian loan words used in Bhtry poetry. These words show clearly how Abbasid poetry was influenced by Iranian culture and civilization.

In the first part of the article, drawing upon Matras (2007), different types of phonological borrowings form Arabic into Persian varieties is examined. Our evidence illustrates that, as an adstrutum, Arabic has exerted much more influence on Persian varieties spoken to the Iran's borders neighboring Arabic speaking peoples. The last portion of the article is devoted to the study of the development of Classical Persian into Modern Standard Persian. Here it is argued that in the course of this development, phonological system of Persian has lost many of its similarities with Standard Arabic. In other words, as a contact language, Arabic has had the least influence in the changes attested in development of New Persian.

One of the issues which has been presented in cognitive linguistics is the understanding of abstract and subjective domains such as time. Objective and real domains like space are understood directly. We as humans interact with such domains in our everyday life. As a result of such interactions, some image – schemas are built in our brains which are used in the understanding of more abstract domains. In order to study the relationship between the time and the space, we have studied prepositions which are one of the best examples of polysemy in Persian grammar and we have drawn a semantic network for each preposition based on Tylor and Evans's (2003) criteria in determining the primary and distinct meaning of a preposition. Semantic networks show that temporal terms are based on spatial terms in Persian grammar.

Today, study of metaphor in various fields of language has received much attention, undoubtedly emotion is one of the most important ones. In this study, sadness and happiness in everyday speech are surveyed based on a cognitive framework. The most common source domains used in conceptualizing these two emotions are determined. Then emotion metaphors are divided into 3 groups based on Kovecses model to see most of these metaphors are placed within which group. Required data has been gathered from Tehran. Generally, 125 expressions are analyzed, 81 expressions are related to sadness and 44 expressions are related to happiness.

The analysis of Conceptual Metaphors within a classification which includes categories of orientational, Ontological, Structural Metaphors entails difficulties, for the single Name of Mapping often appearing in both Ontological and Structural Metaphors. This theoretical point has made the authors of the present article scrutinize and carry out a revision of the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor in a contrastive cross-linguistic study based on samples from Persian and Spanish. In this research, certain changes were made in the classification of Conceptual Metaphors that, making reference to data, can give rise to a more exact definition of the different types of Conceptual Metaphor. According to the new classification suggested in this article three categories plus further sub categories are substituted for the existing classes of ontological and structural metaphors, whose theoretical applicability is confirmed by the cross-linguistic data.

All languages indicate the relationship between verbs and their arguments by constituent order, case marking and agreement. Case marking has many forms such as nominative-accusative, neutral, ergative-absolutive, quasi-neutral, and tripartite. Ergative-absolutive system or ergative is the case of A or the subject of transitive verbs. Tati, Taleshi and Guilaki languages are from Iranian Caspian languages group. Tati and Taleshi have ergtive system but it is not common in Guilaki. This paper tries to analyze the ergatives's Sediments in these languages. It is shown that Tati and Taleshi are losing some ergative properties, for example clitics are going from second (wackernagel) position toward verb, agreement between verb with object in gender, number and person is gradually disappearing.

In this research, we study the Persian meters in the framework of iterative theory. Iterative theory is a theory in generative metrics, proposed by Fabb and Halle (2008). This research aims to specify metrical grids of Persian meters, and to categorize metra, based on subsequent metrical grids and specifying maxima. We studied 30 of the Persian's most frequent meters. metrical units, feet, metra and maxima were among the categories studied in each meter. The final results indicated that there are two different rules for specifying metrical grids of Persian meters. In addition to specifying metrical grids, these rules specify strict and loose meters. Moreover, application of these rules leads to the categorization of meters into four main categories of complete metron, initial- broken metron, final- broken metron and bilateral- broken metron. Application of these rules and metrical grids provided a new approach to the scansion of meters into their metra.

Unfortunately Persian language, especially in the time that language divisions are taken into consideration by people and mass Medias, has not been considered among creative and active languages. As far as we know, English, French, Spanish, German and Italian are among those outstanding languages of the world. Also, Russian, Arabic and German languages have participated in some divisions and are considered as major languages of contemporary world by some researchers. I believe that this kind of dividing and exacerbating it goes neither with practical- functional standards nor linguistic ones. This article tries to analyze the causes of deprivation of Farsi language as much as its capabilities for being universal, considering whys and causes of language becoming prominence or leading international one.