SOCIOLOGY OF CULTURE AND ART
Year:2023 | Volume:4 | Issue:4|Papers Count:11

Stereotypes and gender stereotypes reflect society's cultural beliefs about what gender roles should be. The purpose of this article is to investigate how children (in the age group of six to twelve years) understand gender stereotypes, and the relationship between these gender stereotypes and gender, age, education and occupation of parents is analyzed. For this purpose, 236 children were selected from among preschool and primary school students in Mashhad city by available sampling method. In this research, drawing tools have been used to draw the professions of firemen, nurses, policemen, cooks and pilots (which are stereotypically attributed to a certain gender). The results showed that there is no significant difference between gender stereotypes in drawing jobs in two groups of girls and boys. It was also found that each gender has drawn the job attributed to that gender more stereotypically. In terms of age, children less than 8 years of age acted more stereotypically in choosing the gender of jobs, and this age difference is significant at the 95% confidence level. Also, the obtained results showed that there is a significant difference in gender stereotypes in the drawing of jobs, according to the father's education. Finally, the results of the research based on the theory of Bam's gender schema and the acquisition of stereotypes confirm that these stereotypes can be reduced by using channels that influence the process of socialization and learning in children.

The main purpose of this research is to analyze and classify educational institutions of Iranian classical music in the last one hundred and fifty years, to explain the quality of education and educational institutions. With this goal in mind, the basic question of this research is to explore the causes of the qualitative stagnation of Iranian classical music in the last few decades, through the study, investigation and analysis of education and educational institutions. In this regard, based on lived experience and citing library data, the authors with using the inductive method in data analysis and the qualitative research method specifically of the historical-analytical type, and by adopting a sociological framework and benefiting from some opinions of sociology of art, after presenting a sociological classification of music education institutions in Iran, and their confrontation with traditional methods and western methods, they have tried to consider the nature of Iranian classical music, to examine and analyze the social phenomena affecting education and how educational coordinates reflect upon the life of Iranian classical music. The findings obtained in this article indicate that the shortcomings related to education and educational institutions, such as ignoring the epistemology of education, uninformed efforts to implement western models, excessive increase of educational centres, management weaknesses and confusion of cultural structure, have a destructive effect on the perceptual-cognitive level of the department. It has a significant number of art and music students, resulting in the qualitative stagnation of Iranian classical music in the last few decades.

Cinema is one of the types of media that are very important because it influences people's thoughts. They may distort reality in the process of representation. The issue of women and the perception of each culture and the way of presenting the model of the female character in cultural productions are among the best indicators in evaluating the performance of a system it is necessary to conduct research with the aim of representing the social base of women in popular Iranian cinema in the 70s. 3 movies are selected for analysis. Sampling among all popular movies has been done in a targeted way. The selected films are: Red, Dogfight Shukaran. The results show that in the 70s, in these three films, there is a special attention towards women and their issues, but each of the women is faced with men whose mental reserve originates from patriarchal hegemony is spontaneous satisfaction and replacement. It is for the social power of men. Women's reaction to men's domination is a cry for agency,But the rise of patriarchy is in front of them, because the relationships that women experience in society are influenced by ideology, which Althusser considers to be a misunderstanding. Women break the gender structure based on women/men so that they are not traditional but not modern either. Contrary to the reputation of the cinema of the 70s for women's cinema, the occurrence of hardware and cold repression by the ideological structure is the characteristic of the cinema of this decade.

New platforms provide a unique context for the creation and continuation of modern and neoliberal femininity and motherhood discourses. in order to discuss about what is the discourse of neoliberal feminism and its basic principles, first in the theoretical literature, we answer to this question that what is the discourse of neoliberal feminism. The results of the text mining of 100 published articles focusing on neoliberal feminism, using VOS viewer software version 1. 6. 16, show that the concept of neoliberal feminism With Concepts such as feminism, neoliberalism, work, motherhood, individualism and etc. are linked. In this article first, we will answer the question that “, How is Iranian women's femininity and motherhood represented on Instagram? ”,then we answer to this question that "can we find evidence of neoliberal feminism in Iranian women's Instagram pages? In this regard, we have used combined methods, including Qualitative meta-analysis and visual discourse analysis. in the first stage of the research, based on the meta-analysis of the researches, we will answer first question. In this stage12 studies that were most related to the topic of femininity and motherhood on Instagram were analyzed. in the second phase of the research, by using the visual discourse analysis, 200 images from 10 Instagram pages of Iranian women influencers are studied to provide more findings to claim the research. Six sub-themes resulting from discourse analysis, including "daily physical care”, , ”,personal choice", "individual progress", "market logic", "consumerism" and "happy family" indicate the emergence of neoliberal feminism in Iranian women's Instagram pages.

Sense of place as a result of semantic relation between man and place is of utmost importance in the sustainability and durability of historical-cultural heritage. The constant presence, utilization of place as well as taking part in various activities associated with the place, originate from this sense. Today, the significance of sense of place and its different layers remain poorly appreciated in case of Historical monuments. Weakening the sense of place is a problem that historical buildings face and causes the interaction between the audience and the place to fade and lack of satisfaction with the place compared to the past, which has an adverse effect on the stability and continuity of historical buildings. The present study seeks to answer this main question, which of the levels of sense of place in historical Timchehs has the highest importance from the viewpoint of salesmen? And tends to explain the layers of Sense of Place in Historical Timchehs of Tabriz city. It has a practical goal and applies quantitative method. The results of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test indicate the largest correlation also belongs to dedication to place with a coefficient of 0. 950. Based on the results from Friedman test, the mean values for indifference to place, placement awareness, and constant presence were 2. 11, 3. 28, and 4. 26, respectively. The mean values for sense of belonging, place attachment, and dedication to place were 4. 07, 3. 97 and 4. 67, respectively. Clearly, dedication to place has the highest mean value among indicators of sense of place, followed by constant presence in the second rank.

Museums are among the most important surveying sources for researchers and provide them information with various dimensions. This point sends out the works present in museums from merely art works and turns them to be topics of valuable researches. By an interdisciplinary approach, this article, first and through descriptive-analytic method, explains about the influence of Islamic art works left from 13th to 15th centuries on contemporary art in Tuscany province, centered in Florence,within which the relation between kings and rulers of this province with Islamic countries in that epoch is studied. The data collection in this part is through libraries search and written documents. In the second part, based on the questionnaire information obtained from the statistical population of 150 visitors of the Galleria degli Uffizi in 2021, the impact of visiting these works on the audience’, s familiarity with Islamic civilization has been analyzed. The questionnaires were designed in form of scaling,and based on the obtained information and according to Kolmogorov-Simornov test and as per Sig, expressed for predictor variable in confidence interval 0. 95, was less than 0. 05. As a result, it was proved that visiting Islamic art works present in this museum has influence on familiarity with Islamic civilization. Regarding this influence, the present article proposes presenting online catalogue focusing on Islamic art as a strategy.

One of the richest areas of discussion of the forms of media representation is related to gender identities. Meanwhile, the Internet and web space are one of the main components of the formation and representation of women's identity in new societies. The aim of the current research was to represent the image of women in the discourse of the Struggle against female subjectivity (case study: Instagram social network). The research method in this study was qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The community studied in this research was the pages related to the discourse of struggle against female subjectivity in the Instagram social network of Iranian users, which were selected with theoretical considerations and qualitative content analysis. Using the purposeful sampling method, 6 pages whose nature of messages were different from each other were selected as research samples. The results showed that the final categories obtained included rethinking identification, reconstruction of distorted social texts, equality, universality of women's demands, liberation of subjugated subjects, criticism of women's marginalization, media as an extension of the language of struggle, symbolic resistance, which is in line with the discourse of struggle against women's subjectivity. Therefore, it can be concluded that Instagram social network, as a public domain, have provided conditions for different representation and reconstruction of women and have prepared the ground for women's struggle against subjectivity and objectification in the patriarchal discourse and have become a tool for women's liberation.

The concept of nature, despite its simple, clear and comprehensible appearance, is a mysterious and complicated concept and has traveled a long and winding path throughout history until today. "Nature (physis) in Greek culture is designed and understood in relation to Logos, Eros, Cosmos, Chaos, Tragedy, Mimesis, Poiesis, Techne, Praxis, Dialectic and Paideia. Various fields of studies of mythology, history, culture, society, economy and politics, philosophy, art and literature, and many sciences, according to their perceptions of nature,They plan and formulate their affairs and phenomena and how they face each other. The representation of nature in all fields of human knowledge has always been based on conceptual and metaphorical dual oppositions about nature: transcendence /immanent, dynamic /static, mechanical /organic, theological /materialistic, deterministic /occasionalistic and animate /inanimate. Considering the opinions of German, French, English and American philosophers and thinkers in the last decades of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, it can be safely said that the most obvious and complex view of nature was formed in the great flow of romanticism. The concept of nature in the school of romanticism is a multi-layered and deep concept. Reducing the movement, rather the great revolution of romanticism to a literary and artistic school, on the one hand and highlighting characteristics such as reaction, opposition to rationalism, enlightenment and civilization, praise of melancholy and suffering and disease,On the other hand, it has caused the suppression of valuable aspects of romanticism, which are now showing themselves in the process of "the return of the repressed"-according to Ernesto Laclau-. Our approach in this research is philosophical and political. Our attempt was to bring these two types of encounters together in the fundamental concept of nature, that is, in addition to the aesthetic aspects of nature, we intend to indicate the philosophical foundations and political contexts of the focalization of nature and its relation to other concepts of romanticism including individuality, subjectivity and anti-capitalism orientation. The results of the research show that romanticism has intelligently attracted various parts of the opinions of philosophers and thinkers, which it saw as compatible with its essence and orientation, and with the idea of "romanticizing the world" and "understanding the world as a work of art" was looking for solutions to problems that covered all philosophical, epistemological, ethical, aesthetic and political fields.

Contrary to the common wisdom that traces the origin of environmental movements to the urban middle class, the existing empirical findings imply that such an account of environmentalism fails to provide a further approach. Environmental movements may emerge from non-urban settings or within different social classes and groups beyond the middle class. Since the state’, s marginalizing structure and capital provoke environmental damage in peripheral regions, the social groups living there have been also put in jeopardy. In this respect, it is not coincidence that these peripheral settings are at the core of a variety of environmental movements, which are intricately linked to life and politics. This article, by reviewing the empirical research on environmental movements in Iran, shows that the majority of existing studies focus on the large cities in Iran. As they fall into the mainstream approach to environmental movements, their outcomes remain limited in understanding the inquiries on environmentalism in the periphery of Iran. Even if few studies provide some pertinent results to this research, they lack a conceptual framework to describe environmentalism in the periphery, which is at the hub of this paper. Through the consolidated reading of "center-periphery, " "subaltern environmentalism, " and "new social movement" theories, some key notions such as "internal colonialism, " "subaltern environmentalism, " "econationalism, " "internal mode of action, " and "external mode of action" are then introduced and articulated in a speculative manner, drawing on Althusser's "overdetermination" approach.

Mystical biography is a form of mystical writing that has organized narratives about mystical subjects from the narrative point of view with two propositionalexplanatory and narrative aspects and from the discourse point of view by modeling and legitimizing mystical subjects. Of course, in spite of sharing in the literary genre or following the common narrative tradition, the construction of the narrative and discourse of the memoirs differs from the concept of identityclass according to the author-narrators' special perception. In this article, the authors-narrators of the two mystical collective biographies, the classes of Ansari Sufism and the biography of Attar's saints, are defined and interpreted from the concept of identity-class and the epistemological and ideological underpinnings that organize them. The result shows that the author-narrator of the Sufi classes, following the tradition of collecting hadith and emphasizing the rigid reality in explaining the identity-class of the subjects of his representation, relied more on the pre-established elements of their identity, it has largely avoided explaining a lifestyle based on taste and consumption. In addition, in the continuity of the text, it devotes a considerable part of the textual space to the explanation of mystical concepts or prayers. In contrast to the author-narrator of Tazkereh al-Awliya, according to the tendency to romantic and reckless mysticism, attachment to madness is made with full openness, aspects of the elements that make up taste and consumption of subjects such as speech, nutrition, clothing, worship and rituals, represents relationships and assets. However, Ansari's conception of the concept of identity-class, in line with the old tradition of refusing to represent the individual and his body, has disappeared,the representation of subjects serves to explain mystical concepts, while Attar's writing serves to typify romantic mysticism by expanding the tradition of memoir writing, an act that often reveals aspects of the subjects' daily lives.