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مرکز اطلاعات علمی SID1
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Scientific Information Database (SID) - Trusted Source for Research and Academic Resources
Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    1-13
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    428
  • Downloads: 

    164
Abstract: 

A total of ten isolates of fungi with Rhizoctonia-like mycelia were obtained from infected roots and stems of Pistachio Pistacia vera grown in a commercial nursery in Rafsanjan, Iran, during the autumn of 2011. The infected seedlings showed symptoms of chlorosis that later turned to necrosis. All of the isolates were identified as binucleate Rhizoctonia on the basis of hyphal characteristics and nuclear number. They were tested for detection of the anastomosis group, optimum growth temperature, rDNA-ITS region traits and pathogenicity on pistachio seedlings in vitro and in vivo. The analysis of hyphal anastomosis reaction was carried out with the tester isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A, AG-Ba, AG-G and AG-F as well as multinucleate Rhizoctonia AG4 as already detected on pistachio seedlings. The optimum temperature for growth of binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. was 35 ° C. In in vivo test, the symptoms of root rot were observed 30 days after inoculation and mortality happened two weeks thereafter. According to molecular characteristics and anastomosis test groups, all isolates showed greatest similarity to anastomosis group AG-F. This finding is the first report of anastomosis group F (AG-F) of binucleate Rhizoctonia, as causal agent of root and stem rot disease of pistachio in the world and Iran.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    15-23
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    493
  • Downloads: 

    111
Abstract: 

Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aerial parts of Aster indamellus Grierson, Calamintha umbrosa Benth. and Erigeron annuus (L. ) Pres. were analyzed by GC, GC/MS. The major acetylenic constituent (cis-lachnophyllum ester) of E. annuus was isolated and characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR spectra. Their toxicity and repellent effect against Lipaphis erysimi was tested. Oils of E. annuus and C. umbrosa exhibited higher toxicity on direct spray and by fumigation. LC50 value of E. annuus oil was 0. 43 mg/ml as direct spray. By fumigation, LC50 value for E. annuus was 1. 29 ml/l air, while for C. umbrosa; it was 1. 00 ml/l air. With acetylenic ester, about half of L. erysimi were killed at 10 mg/ml approximately within 13. 25 h, while with E. annuus oil the LT50 value was approximately 8. 89 h. In conclusion, the EO of E. annuus and its acetylenic constituent have potential as biopesticide for economically important crop pests.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    25-34
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    472
  • Downloads: 

    179
Abstract: 

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of widely-spread viruses of plants with the broadest host range encompassing over 1200 species. One major limiting factor for detection of the virus is unavailability of the virus-specific antibodies especially in developing countries. Recombinant DNA technology facilitates antibody preparation without requiring special equipment. In this study, coat protein (CP) gene cDNA of CMV was subcloned from pTZ57CMVCP into pET21a expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli strain Rosetta. Expression of CMV CP was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and its identity was confirmed by western blotting, dot blot immunobinding assay (DIBA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using anti-CMV antibody. The expressed protein was purified using T7• Tag affinity purification kit and used as antigen for raising polyclonal antibodies in two mice. The purified anti-CMV CP IgG and the conjugated IgG performed favourably in terms of specificity and sensitivity to detect both expressed CP (antigen) and CMV isolates in infected cucurbit plants using plate trapped antigen (PTA)-ELISA, double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA and western blotting. The prepared antibodies can be applied in serological and sero-molecular tests in studies on the virus and in screening of plants for the infection. This is the first report of preparation of antibodies against CP of an indigenous isolate of CMV.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    35-44
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    1
  • Views: 

    760
  • Downloads: 

    148
Abstract: 

Wild grasses are the most important primary feedstuffs which are susceptible to contamination with toxigenic fungi belonging to Aspergillus spp. In order to explore diversity of Aspergillus species associated with the inflorescences of gramineous weeds, infected inflorescences were collected from wild grasses in western parts of Iran. Fifty-six Aspergillus isolates were obtained from all diseased spikes and based on morphological features identified as 4 species i. e. Aspergillus niger (26) followed by Aspergillus flavus (24), Aspergillus fumigatus (4), and Aspergillus japonicus (2). The identification of A. flavus was confirmed using species specific primers of AFLA-F/AFLA-R by producing amplicons about 413 bp. In this study, aflatoxins (AFs) contamination of wild grasses was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Natural occurrence of AFs could be detected in 24 samples ranging from 0. 63-134. 86 μ g/kg. The highest AFT levels were detected in samples from Ravansar, Bisetoon, Mahidasht, and Sarpol Zehab (up to 50 μ g/kg), which is more than the recommended limits by European Union standard and National Standard of Iran (20 μ g/kg for animal feed).

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    45-52
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    447
  • Downloads: 

    114
Abstract: 

Three different solvents namely; hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol were used in partitioning the extracts obtained from Piper guineense seeds and solvent extracts were investigated for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites. Extracts were further evaluated on adult maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais. Experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions at 27 ± 2  C ambient temperatures and 65 ± 5% relative humidity and was arranged in a completely randomised design in four replicates. Parameters assessed, including contact toxicity, repellent effects as well as effect of solvent extracts on the germination of maize seeds. Results obtained showed that the solvent extracts contained all the secondary metabolites tested except flavonoids and steroids. As well, all the solvent extracts were lethal and possessed high repellent action against S. zeamais, with ethanol fraction being the most potent. There was no significant difference in the germination of seeds treated with the solvent extracts as well as the ethanol control. The results obtained from this study reveal P. guineese as a potential candidate for bio insecticide and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    53-66
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    608
  • Downloads: 

    148
Abstract: 

Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is a predatory mite that can control spider mites. The effect of seven strawberry cultivars (including: ‘ Marak’ , ‘ Yalova’ , ‘ Aliso’ , ‘ Gaviota’ , ‘ Sequoia’ , ‘ Camarosa’ and ‘ Chandler’ ) on the growth and development of N. californicus was studied in the laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 ° C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16L: 8D photoperiod). There was significant difference in the number of trichomes on the leaves of strawberry cultivars. Life table parameters were analyzed based on age􀀀 stage, two􀀀 sex life table. Egg incubation and protonymphal duration were significantly different when the predator was reared on different cultivars. There was no significant difference of total longevity among different cultivars. The longest preoviposition period was observed on ‘ Aliso’ (1. 70 days). The fecundity rate on ‘ Gaviota’ and ‘ Sequioa’ (6. 90 and 8. 91 eggs, respectively) was lower than other cultivars tested. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (0. 20 day-1) and fecundity rates (13. 29 eggs) were on ‘ Chandler’ , which might be due to the higher nutritional quality of Tetranychus urticae Koch reared on it or its low density of trichomes. Among the seven strawberry cultivars ‘ Sequoia’ , ‘ Gaviota’ and ‘ Yalova’ were recognized unsuitable for development and reproduction of N. californicus.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    67-77
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    427
  • Downloads: 

    116
Abstract: 

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of vascular wilt in tomato, an important plant disease in Iran. Four monogenic resistance genes in tomato are used for identification of races of Fol and their corresponding avirulence genes Avr1, Avr2 and Avr3 were identified in pathogen one of which, Avr2, is f. sp. specific. Hence they can serve as reliable markers for racial identity and f. sp discrimination. These markers have been used for strains from other countries except Iran. Furthermore, a point mutation in Avr3 can lead to enhanced virulence of Fol on a susceptible tomato cultivar. To identify forma specialis and racial identity, Avr genes were studied in a collection of Iranian strains. Results revealed that PCR assay is very efficient in distinguishing between non-pathogenic and low virulence strains and in the vast majority of strains, avirulence genotype was consistent with Fol race1. Furthermore, to determine whether allelic variation of Avr3 could separate strains of different degrees of virulence, Avr3 was sequenced in Fol strains with high and low virulence. The results revealed that allelic variation of Avr3 was not correlated with degree of virulence in Iranian strains.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    79-88
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    420
  • Downloads: 

    133
Abstract: 

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), is one of the most destructive pests attacking stored grain products all over the world. Serious problems assossiated with using synthetic chemical insecticides have strongly demonstrated the need for applying alternative safe compounds such as plant essential oils. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate fumigant toxicity of essential oils from the fresh fruit peel of two Citrus species namely, Citrus sinensis (L. ) Osbeck and Citrus paradisi (Macfarlane) against 1 to 7-days-old adults of T. castaneum under laboratory conditions. Moreover, oviposition deterrence activity of sublethal concentrations of the oils were assessed on the female beetles. All experiments were carried out at 27 ± 1 ° C and 65 ± 5% r. h. in darkness. Findings indicated the high fumigant toxicity of both essential oils. According to probit analysis, there was no significant differences between C. sinensis (LC50 = 7. 27 μ l. l-1 air) and C. paradisi (LC50 = 7. 70 μ l. l-1 air) essential oils. Also, oviposition deterrence activity of the essential oils was significantly increased as concentrations of the oils were increased from 500 to 2500 ppm. In general, the results of our study demonstrated the high efficacy of C. sinensis and C. paradisi oils against T. castaneum.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    89-97
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    490
  • Downloads: 

    132
Abstract: 

Surfactin is one of the most efficient biosurfactants excreted by Bacillus subtilis which displays the highest potential as induced systemic resistance elicitor among all metabolites produced by B. subtilis. Environmental factors have considerable effect on surfactin production. In this study surfactin production of two Bacillus subtilis strains were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). C14 and C15 surfactins were detected in the ethanol extract from acid-precipitated supernatant. HPLC analyses of different media including Nutrient Broth (NB) medium, NB plus 40g/l glucose, NB plus 10% soil extract and NB plus 10% plant extract medium, clearly showed that these bacteria produced different amounts of surfactins C14 and C15 in these media. Surfactin production in NB/plant medium was relatively the highest in quantity. Microelements analysis of media containing plant and soil extract with atomic absorption spectrometry showed high amounts of Fe, Mn and Zn in medium containing plant extract compared with that of soil extract. Since these elements play an important role in surfactin production, high amounts of Fe, Mn and Zn in NB/plant extract medium compared to the NB/soil extract medium could be the possible reason for relatively higher amounts of surfactins C14 and C15 produced in NB/plant medium. So adding these important elements to soil may boost biocontrol effect of B. subtilis against plant pathogens.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    99-113
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    529
  • Downloads: 

    267
Abstract: 

Huanglongbing (HLB) also known as citrus greening, is a destructive disease of citrus and now, is considered as a new emergence and spread out threat to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) citrus production. In a survey conducted in southern Iran in 2013-2014, 77 citrus samples exhibiting symptoms of HLB were collected. Single-step and nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were employed to determine the presence of the phloem-limited bacterial pathogens ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), phytoplasma and Spiroplasma citri. Both CLas and phytoplasma were detected in HLB-affected citrus trees as co-infection (7. 79%) and single infection (10. 38% for phytoplasma and 42. 85% for CLas). According to the proposed 16S rDNAbased phytoplasma classification scheme, the HLB-associated phytoplasma from this study was a member of peanut witches’ broom (16SrII) phytoplasma group. This is the first report of association of a phytoplasma with HLB in sweet lime in the world and first record of association of CLas with sour orange (Citrus aurantium L. ) and sweet lime in Iran.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    115-123
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    553
  • Downloads: 

    186
Abstract: 

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides with novel modes of action on Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and their sublethal effects on pupal mortality, pupal weight and sex ratio in adult insects. The effects of hexaflumuron, chromafenozide, chlorfluazuron, cyromazine, lufenuron + fenoxycarb and azadirachtin and chlorantraniliprole were evaluated on 1st instar larvae of L. sativae using a leaf dip method. Dose-response lines were constructed for insecticides which caused higher mortality of the larvae at field recommended doses. LC50 values for chlorantraniliprole, cyromazine, azadirachtin and hexaflumuron were 0. 24, 0. 49, 8. 51 and 67. 6 mg ai/l, respectively. A significant reduction in pupal weight and adult emergence was observed in all of the treatments except chromafenozide; but the adult sex ratio did not change significantly compared with control. Most of the insecticides used in this study are fairly new compounds with unique modes of action and had considerable lethal and sublethal effects on L. sativae. If these results also hold true in the field and commercial greenhouse conditions, these compounds could be suitable candidates in management of vegetable leafminer.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    125-143
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    498
  • Downloads: 

    124
Abstract: 

Twelve species of the genus Aphelenchoides were collected and identified based on morphological and morphometric characters from different regions in North, South and Western Iran. Among collected species i. e. A. centralis, A. cibolensis, A. cyrtus, A. hamatus, A. helicus, A. huntensis, A. limberi, A. obtusicaudatus, A. sprophilus, A. sacchari, A. spicomucronatus and A. tuzeti, three species namely A. cibolensis, A. hamatus and A. saprophilus arenew records from Iran. Description, measurements, line drawings andmicroscopic photographs for Iranian population of these species are provided. Aphelenchoides helicus that was previously reported without description, isdescribed and illustrated as well.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    145-155
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    536
  • Downloads: 

    115
Abstract: 

The bioactivity of leaf extracts of Helianthus annuus L. against Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) in stored paddy rice varieties was evaluated in the laboratory of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria at ambient temperature of 28 ± 2  C and 75 ± 5% relative humidity. Standard methods were used to determine toxicity of the plant powders and extracts, to S. cerealella based on weight loss, adult emergence, adult mortality and developmental periods. Paddy rice from previously categorized susceptible and moderately susceptible varieties was used for the research work. The adult mortality was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 hours of application. The solvent extracts of the plant significantly reduced or prevented adult emergence of S. cerealella. Also there was an increase in the developmental period (P > 0. 05) and reduction or prevention of seed weight loss. Adult mortality of 100% was observed in S. cerealella in paddy treated with 4% petroleum ether leaf extract in FARO 44 as compared with 100% mortality in FARO 52 paddy treated with 3% petroleum ether leaf extract. Lowest adult moth mortality of 30. 33% and 35. 20% were observed in 1% ethanolic leaf extract treated in FARO 44 and FARO 52 respectively. Results showed that H. annuus plant parts in combination with the susceptible paddy variety, FARO 52 increased mortality of adult S. cerealella and prolonged developmental periods. Both the powder and the extracts of this plant could be produced on commercial scale and incorporated into pest management programmes.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    157-166
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    616
  • Downloads: 

    118
Abstract: 

One of the effective plant disease management strategies is based on the employment of resistance inducers. In the present study, to assay, the effects of Salicylic acid (chemical inducer) and Piriformospora indica (biological inducer) on wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminnis f. sp. tritici), the expression rate of Non-expresser of pathogenesis-related genes1 (NPR1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. For this purpose, Falat and Tajan cultivars were selected as susceptible and resistant genotypes to powdery mildew, respectively. To evaluate the rate of gene expression, the P. indica colonized Falat along with mock plants were inoculated with Powdery mildew. In another experiment, Falat treated with SA and control plants were inoculated with Powdery mildew 48 h after treatment with SA. Gene expression was assayed in Falat compared with resistant cv. Tajan. Sampling was carried out at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after infection. Comparisons of gene expression patterns showed that after infection, the expression levels of NPR1 increased in induced and non-induced Falat and Tajan cultivars. The maximum gene expression levels were observed at 24 hours post infection. But the expression levels of the gene at this time were much higher in induced treatments compared with control. The current study showed that NPR1 can be involved in resistance strategy. Thus, using NPR1 gene as a desired gene in genetic engineering for increasing the potential of plant resistance to pathogens can be considered. Moreover, the high response of NPR1 gene in induced plants indicated that both SA and P. indica play a critical role in inducing resistance.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2017
  • Volume: 

    6
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    167-179
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    404
  • Downloads: 

    113
Abstract: 

The study was conducted to determine the distribution of the common Meloidogyne species in research stations and vegetable farms in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Galled roots were collected from inoculum plots of four research stations and two vegetable farms. Identification of species was based on juvenile and female morphological characters and specific SCAR primers for Meloidogyne species. The pathogenicity of M. incognita and M. javanica was evaluated at different inoculum levels on tomato in a screenhouse study. M. incognita was the dominant species encountered in research plots, although it often occurred in mixed population with M. javanica and other unidentified species. Growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, and yield responded negatively to increasing inoculum levels for all the cultivars except Small Fry and Celebrity. Both cultivars were categorized as resistant to M. incognita and tolerant to M. javanca. The most popularly grown tomato cultivars, Ibadan Local, Roma (Roma type) and Beske were susceptible to both species of root-knot nematodes.

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