Journal of Community Health Research
Year:2022 | Volume:11 | Issue:4|Papers Count:15

Introduction: One of the main pillars of the study is the correct choice of study design. This study aimed to give an overview of different type of study designs in medical research. Methods: In this tutorial study, all applied research designs in terms of quantitative and qualitative study were reviewed. Accordingly, terms related to "Research Designs" were searched in the online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Results: Based on the findings of the present study, the types of studies are generally divided into two groups: quantitative studies and qualitative studies. Quantitative studies are divided into two categories: primary and secondary studies. Preliminary studies include observational and non-observational studies. Observational studies are divided into two categories: descriptive and analytical studies. Descriptive studies include case reports, cross-sectional studies, cross-sectional correlational studies and ecological studies, and analytical studies include retrospective and group studies. Non-observational studies also include laboratory studies, clinical trials, field trials, and community trials. Conclusion: With a good understanding of the types of studies, it is easy to decide which type of study is appropriate for the research. Choosing proper study design can reduce the costs of the executive process, increase the accuracy, quality of research and give more reliable results.

Dear Editor Today, the process of vaccinating and immunizing people around the world against diseases is one of the greatest achievements of public health. Immunization programs have led to a significant reduction in mortality and the prevalence of infectious diseases, including the eradication of the polio virus worldwide (1). To successfully reduce the prevalence of and treat vaccine-preventable diseases, immunization programs must be integrated with the global vaccination process. Not only does this provide direct protection for vaccinated people, but the over 70% rate of the vaccination program also provides indirect protection for others. However, public vaccination cannot be guaranteed even after public access to safe vaccines.

Covid-19 pandemic spread rapidly around the world and is now the most important health issue worldwide. Since the onset of the epidemic, Iran experienced several waves. Although it is not possible to predict the end of pandemic, it is possible to control it by observing hygiene, and people need to act vigilantly. In this situation, the best advice of doctors is to stay home and follow health protocols. Various measures such as reducing social distance, using face masks, and washing hands properly were emphasized by most governments to prevent the transmission of the disease....

Dear Editor in Chief Following the outbreak of COVID19 virus, health specialists recognized the virus as lifethreating and dangerous to human‟, s health. Accordingly, health protocols started to be announced. The most important method to fight now the virus is preventing and stopping the virusspread( 1). The disease management and prevention centers have recommended that in case people cannot maintain a 1. 8-meter distance, they can slow the spread using a face mask (2)....

Background: Life expectancy at birth is a useful indicator of mortality across a population at a particular point in time. Due to the incomplete and different coverage of mortality data in the provinces of Iran, constructing a life table without data correction can have misleading results. In this study, after evaluating and correcting the mortality data, life expectancy at the national and provincial levels for the period 2011-16 has been estimated. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Regarding the period 2011 to 2016, mortality data were obtained by age and sex (2051602 deaths) from the National Organization for Civil Registration, and the population data were obtained by age and sex from the Statistics Center of Iran. After evaluating and correcting the mortality data regarding children and adults, through the life table technique, life expectancy at birth for the provinces Iran was calculated by sex. Results: The death registration regarding men and women, during 2011-2016, in the national level was 93% and 85% respectively. Moreover, the range of this coverage for the provinces has been between 70% and 98%. The life expectancy at birth for men was 73. 1, and for women it was 76 years. Isfahan (77. 9 for females and 74. 8 for males) had the highest level of life expectancy at birth, and the lowest level was in Sistan and Baluchestan province (70. 4 for females and 69. 2 for males). Conclusion: Considering that there are important differences between the life expectancy of men and women in the provinces of Iran, identifying the causes of provincial differences in regarding life expectancy in the provinces of Iran can ultimately lead to improved life expectancy at the national level.

Background: Family's socio-economic status may significantly influence parenting style. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles of 7 to 12-year-old children, parenting styles, and the socio-economic status of parents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional and correlational study. The study population included 7 to 12 children who studied in elementary schools of Tehran in 2021. A sample of 95 individuals were selected by random sampling method and evaluated by questionares regarding Socio-Economic status (SE) (Ghodratnama, 2013), Parenting Style (PS) (Baumrind, 1973), Kinship Center Attachment (KCA) (Halpern and Kappenberg, 2006). The information obtained from the samples was analysed by Pearson correlation coefficient through SPSS 22 software. The level of significance was considered 5%. Results: There was a a significant correlation between the attachment styles of the children and parenting styles and the socio-economic status of parents (r=-. 284, p<0. 01). In parenting styles there was a significant relationship between authoritive parenting style and positive adjustment (r=-. 258, p<0. 05), emotional reactivity (r=. 218, p<0. 05), negative behaviour (r=. 394, p<0. 01) and distancing from caregiver support (r=. 407, p<0. 01). There was also a significant relationship between authoritarian and positive adjustment (r=. 315, p<0. 01), negative behaviour (r=-. 311, p<0. 01), distancing from caregiver support (r=-. 379, p<0. 01). A significant relationship was observed between permissive and negative behavior (r=. 232, p<0. 05). Conclusion: Both authoritative and permissive parenting styles seem to be dysfunctional. They cause different behavioural and emotional issues in children due to their attachment styles.

Background: Menopause is a normal physiological change and an important transition in women’, s life. Onset of menopause has important implications on women’, s fertility and health. Menopausal symptoms vary in severity and may decrease quality of life Thise is, because the majority of women still do not take treatment for these symptoms as most Indian women have a history of self-denial and neglect. This study is conducted to find the prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms among women resisting in urban slums Methods: This was a community based, cross-sectional study conducted among 334 postmenopausal women (45-60) residing in urban slums by systematic random sampling. Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) was used to assess postmenopausal symptoms Pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was used for collecting data to identify the factors affecting it. General physical examination was carried out and anthropometric measurements were recorded. Data were analysed using SPSS software version 20. Results were expressed as descriptive statistics (Mean (SD), Frequency (%)) and Chisquare test was used to find the association between two attributes. Results: 69. 76% of participants had mild symptoms, 23. 95% moderate symptoms and only 2. 1% suffered from severe symptoms. Prevalence of somatic symptoms was 93. 11%, psychological symptoms 85. 33% and urogenital symptoms was 33. 53%. 44. 31% of women from class 4 of SES suffered from mild to severe symptoms, followed by class 3 with 20. 06% (p= 0. 00005). 73. 86% from nuclear families and 66. 67% for three generations in their families suffered from mild symptoms (p=0. 0001) Conclusion: The prevalence of somatic postmenopausal symptoms was high compared to psychological and urogenital using MRS. Factors like age, poor socio-economic status, marital and educational status played a role in postmenopausal symptoms. Measures should be taken for early recognition of symptoms and treatment. To achieve this, the government, private, and voluntary organizations can establish postmenopausal clinics as soon as possible at the earliest at all levels of healthcare.

Background: Health, both physically and mentally, raises the level of human capital. This study aims to challenge the performance of the Fifth Development Plan (2011-2015) regarding inequality in the distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country. Methods: This study is analytical cross sectional. In this research, using the TOPSIS method and using the Gini coefficient index and inequality ratios, was evaluated the distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country. Also, to determine the degree of health development among the provinces of the country, from 13 indices including hospital per capita, hospital bed per capita, health house per capita, health center per capita, laboratory per capita, pharmacy per capita, general practitioner per capita, specialist physician per capita and other health care staff per capita were used. The software used in this research is SPSS 25. Results: The results show that in 2011, the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi and Isfahan were at the highest level and the provinces of South Khorasan, Ilam and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad were at the lowest level in this regard. While, in 2015, the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi maintained their previous position and Fars province was in the third place. The province of Ilam, was still at the lowest level. The Gini coefficient of distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country in 2011 was 0. 49, and increased to 0. 52 in 2015. The share ratio of the top 20% to the bottom 20% among the provinces in terms of enjoying health facilities in 2011 and 2015 was equal to 32 and 37, respectively. Conclusion: The severity of inequality of health facilities among the provinces of the country has intensified during the Fifth Plan. The results show that the provinces have a significant difference in their position in access to health facilities and this indicates equal distribution of health facilities among the provinces of the country.

Background: The experience of infidelity is very painful and leads to serious negative consequence among couples. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT) and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy (CBT) on forgiveness and marital intimacy of women affected by infidelity. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-posttest design. The statistical population included all the infidelity-affected women referred to Andishe and Tafakor counseling center in the first quarter of 2020 in Mashhad city. The sample size was determined by Cochran formula as 15 participants for each group. From this statistical population, 45 people were selected by purposive method based on inclusion criteria and were randomly replaced in three groups of CBT (N=15), EFT (N=15), and the control group (N=15. They did not receive any intervention. All participants were assessed before, after, and two months after the intervention with the marital forgiveness and Walker and Thompson's (1983) and marital intimacy scale (MIS). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS-20 by statistical methods of the repeated measure analysis of variance. Results: The mean age of participants was 33. 11 ±, 5. 03, and their marriage duration was 6. 23±, 2. 89. The results demonstrated forgiveness and marital intimacy were significantly increased in CBT and EFT groups compared to the control group (P <0. 001). EFT showed higher effectiveness than CBT in enhancement of forgiveness and intimacy (P <0. 05). Conclusion: According to the findings, CBT and EFT indicated efficacy in improvement of intimacy and forgiveness between couples. By comparing interventions, EFT showed higher effectiveness. Therefore, it is suggested to use emotion-focused techniques to improve the relationship of couple. In addition, considering the effectiveness of both treatments, an integrated approach can be used in future studies.

Background: Mental health education aims to increase mental health literacy (MHL) and plays a crucial role on mental health of community members. However, its implementation in primary health care (PHC) faces obstacles and problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to explain the challenges of the public mental health education program with an emphasis on self-care in Iran's PHC. Methods: This was a qualitative study with a content analysis approach. The research sample consisted of 20 stakeholders through purposive sampling with maximum diversity. This study was conducted in Tehran and Alborz, Iran. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and analyzed by Graneheim and Lundman approach. Results: By analyzing data, the challenges were categorized into six main themes and 15 categories. The six main themes included educational challenges, inefficiency of the educational method, unsuitable intersectoral collaboration, infrastructural challenges, inadequate resources and barriers to participation in education. Conclusions: Given multidimensionality challenges and obstacles, reform and adoption of appropriate implementation methods using mental health experts seem necessary. Future research and policies could explore ways to optimize program implementation in PHC.

Background: Given that the evolution of various mental aspects includes physical, mental, emotional and social changes. Screening for the developmental status of children can prevent significant complications and disorders. Therefore, the developmental status of children in Hormozgan province was examined based on the ages and stages of questionnaire age and stages questionnaire (ASQ). Methods: This was an analytical study performed by a cross-sectional method in December 1997 in health units of Hormozgan province. Based on the cluster random sampling, the names of 2260 children aged 60 months (3 to 5) were extracted through the integrated health system. Data collection tool was age and stages questionnaire (ASQ) used to assess the development of children in five areas of communication, large movements, fine movements, problem solving and socio-personal skills. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and statistical tests, ANOVA, Chi-square, mean standard deviation and frequency percentage (P<0. 05). Results: The mean age of the children in the study was 3. 14 ±,2. 3. From 2260 children, 1036 (45. 8%) were girls and 1224 (54. 2%) were boys. In terms of communication, 1. 5% cases, fine movements 2%, 4. 5% large movements, 3% problem solving and socio-personal skills, 4% children were abnormal. Conclusion: The results showed that despite the normal development in most children, a number of children had developmental disorders in at least one area. Therefore, the need for programs to deal with related risk factors and continuous follow-up in terms of the development of these areas is essential to prevent future complications.

Background: Spiritual and mental health are the components affecting self-esteem and a necessary feature of every teacher. This study aims at examining the association between spiritual health and self-esteem of students of Yazd Farhangian University and the mediating role of general health in the academic year 2020-2021. Methods: This was an analytical and cross-sectional study conducted on all the students-teachers of Yazd Farhangian University. 323 people were selected as a sample based on Cochran’, s formula. Data were collected through the Paloutzian, R. F., and Ellison, C. W. ’, s Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI). To analyze the research data, Pearson correlation coefficient, covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM), bootstrapping technique, and fit indices for structural equation modeling were employed through SPSS and AMOS 24 at a significance level of less than 0. 05. Results: Findings revealed a positive and significant correlation between spiritual health and general health (r= 0. 316, p<0/001), as well as between general health and self-esteem (r=0. 423, p<0/001). Furthermore, there was a positive and significant association between spiritual health and self-esteem (r=0. 339, p<0/01). The findings also emphasized the significance of the general health’, s mediating role between the spiritual health and self-esteem variables. Conclusions: Considering the significant, positive and strong relationship between spiritual health and general health as well as self-esteem, it is recommended that to enhance the adolescents’,spiritual and general health and increase their self-esteem, educational programs be revised and more attention be paid to employ Farhangian University students.

Background: Participation in leisure activities with peers and family gatherings is beneficial, but some activities such as smoking, may increase harmful health behaviors. This is the first study which investigates how students in Varamin, Tehran, Iran, perceive smoking during their leisure time. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 and involved 319 school-going adolescents in Varamin County, Tehran, Iran (aged 16-18 years) who completed a self-administered anonymous questionnaire on the use of tobacco products which was designed based on the Likert scale. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using, frequency (percentage), t-test (Independent Two-sample), analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA), Kendall’, s and Pearson’, s correlation coefficients, and the chi-square test (less than 0. 01). Results: Overall, five ethnicities in the target population were examined in this study. Smoking among Arab, Fars, and Lur ethnicities, with mean scores of 4, 3. 6, and 3. 41, respectively, were higher than smoking among Turks, other ethnicities, and Kurds, with mean scores of 2. 86, 2. 36, and 2. In addition, smoking in family gatherings, the very low and low levels have the highest frequencies of 72 and 61, respectively, while smoking in friend gatherings, average and high levels have the highest frequencies, i. e., 99 and 57, respectively, with (Sig: 0. 000) is less than 0. 01. Conclusions: This reinforces the need to be alert for, and respond to, gender and ethnic disparities regarding the pattern of risk and protective factors. Thus, leisure activities and ethnicity may be key factors to tailor prevention programs to their unique characteristics and needs.

Background: Emotional divorce happens when a man and a woman live coldly together but do not request a legal divorce. So the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of acceptance and commitment group therapy (ACT) on emotional divorce and self-efficacy of couples. Methods: This was a controlled experiment. In 2020, Bu Ali town, Hamedan province, had 338 married factory workers. Authors chose 60 emotional divorce sufferers using a questionnaire. 40 persons with average self-efficacy questionnaire ratings were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 weeks of acceptance and commitment-based treatment, while the control group received no intervention. Gottman's 1994 Emotional Divorce Questionnaire and Scherer et al1982. ’, s self-efficacy questionnaire were utilized as pre-and post-test. SPSS version 23 analyzed data. Shapiro-Wilk test assessed variable distribution normality. The scores in the experimental and control groups are normal because emotional divorce and self-efficacy are significant (P < 0. 05). Leven's test tested the population's two groups' variance equality. Results: In the post-test phase, the findings of the analysis of covariance showed that acceptance and commitment group therapy resulted in lower scores of emotional divorce (p less than 0. 05) and higher levels of self-efficacy (p less than 0. 05) in the experimental group in comparison to the control group. Both the emotional divorce variable (P = 0. 414, F = 0. 682) and the self-efficacy variable (P = 0. 601, F = 0. 278) were found to have identical variances according to the results of the Leven test (P = 0. 601, F = 0. 278). Conclusions: Acceptance and commitment group therapy was able to significantly reduce emotional divorce and increase self-efficacy compared to the control group. Therefore, it is possible to prevent acceptance and commitment therapy to reduce emotional divorce and prevent psychological and social damage.

Bachground: Worldwide, more than 79. 5 million people are forcibly displaced, including a significant number of migrant and refugee families with children. Migration and refugeedom affect these families in different dimensions, such as mental, physical and spiritual health. Identifying family needs and enhancing parenting skills can improve family cohesion and health, as well as smooth integration into the host country. This review is part of the Erasmus+ funded project-IENE 8 (Intercultural Education for Nurses in Europe) aiming at empowering migrant and refugee families regarding parenting skills. Methods: This was a scoping review of literature. The IENE 8 partner countries (Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, and United Kingdom) searched for peer reviewed papers, grey literature and mass media reports at international, European and national level. The time period for the search of scientific and grey literature was between2013-2018, and for mass media, it was between 2016 and 2018. Results: 124 relevant sources were identified. They included 33 Peer reviewed papers, 47 Grey literature documents and 44 mass media reports. This revealed the importance of understanding the needs of migrant families with children. Conclusion: It is evident from the literature that there is a need to support refugee parents to adjust their existing skill and to empower them to develop new ones. Healthcare and social services professionals have an essential role in improving the refugees' parenting skills. This can be done by developing and implementing family-centered and culturally-sensitive intervention programs.