THE JOURNAL OF PLANNING AND BUDGETING
Year:2014 | Volume:19 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

Poverty line, both with the absolute and relative definitions, is a quite popular policy tool for characterizing the poor people from non-poor With taking into account the households’ characteristics, this research intends to estimate the poverty lines among urban areas of Iran. To this end, we use the well know linear expenditures system at household level and households’ income and expenditures surveys over 1991-2011 across the provinces of Iran. Findings show that, age, literacy, activity type, marital status, sex, and relative income have positive effects on food and non-food expenditures. Consequently, the scale of non-food poverty line over the studied years and across the households with any size are above the food poverty line in magnitude. Calculated the absolute poverty line of a one-person household is 1803144 Rials and that of a ten-people household amount to 17318746 Rials in 2011. This reflects economics of scale in the consumption of goods and services in households, namely defined as the amount of households’ welfare, does not have typically a one-one relation with family size.

Existence of risk in banking operations could threaten profitability of banks. Observed crises in banking system mainly were because of inefficiency rolling in credit risk management. The most important instrument that banks need to adopt for monitoring and management of credit risk is customer’s ranking system. In this way the main objective of the present research is to estimate a Logit model as the most frequent used model for customer’s ranking. In order to applying the model, first the necessary data have been collected on the basis of credit customers of Parsian bank. Then in the next step, using the past and present data for example job stability, collateral, income and few other customer’s specifications, we run the model and the results have been extracted. The Results of the estimation founded that the probability of refunding failure of the credits paid to the customer has positive relationship with variables like collateral received from, the monthly income of, Place of living status (being owner or living in rental house), Age, Status of job stability and educational status of the applicant receiving bank credit facilities. On the other hand it is negatively related to the amount paid to the customer and repayment duration granted to the applicant.

Reviewing the literature, we observed that there is no mathematical model including Dual PBB Structure in University. The purpose of this paper is to construct a PBB model for university so that the budget is allocated not only to plans based on their priorities, but also to faculties based on approved student per Capita. Considering the various criteria in the university system and because of stochastic uncertainties in the problem parameters, led to designing a Goal Programming model of Robust PBB. A significant point, is to use performance Indicators-calculated based on data envelopment analysis approach (DEA) determined the importance coefficient for each educational groups in order to allocateing budget. In addition, the weights of Goals and the priority of each plan were determined using some paired comparison questionnaires completed by experts. The PBBGP model has 5 goals,  1627constraints and 1236 decision variables. The results of models solution- that are presented on two macro and Operational Levels- and simulation of models, Demonstrate high level capabilities of RPBB model in response to the uncertainty in the parameters of problem and also managing the level of decision risk. Because of Partial allocation of the approved budget for the University, by attention to the results from solving the model and simulation of robust model, Decision makers can according to received budget has been allocated the budget to programs and faculties.

Economic policies are activities and intervention in economy to achieve socio-economic aims and transfer from existence to optimal status. Financial policies are one factor that effect government financial system from income and costs aspect to effect on macro elements. Agricultural sector is one of the most important economic sectors in Iran and making financial policies can effect on production and then export and import of its productions. So, this paper is surveyed the effect of financial policies on agricultural trade during 1971-2009. For this aim the relationship between government costs and tax index and agricultural goods trade were estimated by using econometric models in short and long terms. The results indicated government costs and tax index had positive effect on value of agricultural goods import and export in short terms. While government costs had just positive effect on of agricultural goods import and export in long terms and the effect of tax index was negative. So, it was suggested to reform tax system by reduce tax rate on investment to provide suitable situation for investment and production and then employment in agricultural sector.

The question of precedence of market economy over democracy (or vice versa) has always been a challenging problem in the domain of political economy. This paper tries to study view points of those advocating the market mechanism precedence to democracy, the proponents of Critical Historical Juncture theory, as well as followers of democracy precedence to market mechanism. The findings of this study show that necessary institutions for a competitive market, especially the property rights, are formed in the transitional process leading to democracy. Therefore, one could not claim that market mechanism precedes the transition to democracy. Meanwhile, the transitional process to democracy is too complicated to be explained merely through the elements of market mechanism.

This paper investigates whether the effect of improving economic and political institutions on per capita income in different countries is related to the current quality of their institutions. Econometric analysis of cross sectional data is applied to achieve the goal of the paper. In econometric section, the effect of improving institutions on per capita income of G20 countries is compared with the effect of it on per capita income of oil-exporting countries. The results show that the effect of improving institutions on per capita income in oil exporting countries, in which the performance of institutions is bad, is greater than G20 countries in which the good performance of institutions is visible. So oil exporting countries should try to perform constitution more accurately than G20 countries.

Social policy as an academic discipline focus on study policy-making and analyzing social policies. Social policy as well as interventions of the government to deal with social problems, particularly in the areas of health, education, housing, welfare and social security, which are crucial and important in promoting political legitimacy. Social policy is more important especially when societies face with variety of social, economic and environmental risks and uncertainty. In this paper according to the current conflicts in social policy, tried to classifying themes of shaping, and theoretical approaches in this area. The paper also reviews various definitions provided descriptive approach on social policy, relevant theoretical approaches in three main theories: representational, normative and explanatory. In this paper it is shown how the process of industrialization, political, and social class and group benefits and conflicts, formal and informal institutions and international factors have a role in the development of social policy.