JOURNAL OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC PERIOD HISTORY (JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES) (TABRIZ)
Year:2022 | Volume:13 | Issue:32|Papers Count:8

The establishment of the Mongol Empire on the plains of Eurasia and the subsequent insecurities expanded the sea routes of the Indian Ocean. Because the sea routes was both safer and faster, cheaper, more cost-effective, and especially safer for the fragile porcelain bowls. Because there was no need for repeated loads in every house and in every caravanserai. The ports of Fujian Province were both producers of Chinese ceramics and exporters of their own pottery and other pottery kilns during the Mongol (Yuan) era, especially during the Ming Dynasty, producing a very delicate and strong blue and white vessel with The stunning "Khatai" designs became especially famous in the kilns of Long Chuan region. The resurgence of diplomatic relations between the Timurid and Safavid courts with the Ming dynasty and the resulting commercial propaganda, such as sending imperial (and finest, of the finest quality) "Faghfuri" porcelain as diplomatic gifts to the Iranian court, appealed to the court. As the most important sponsor and customer of works of art, he influenced the court and consequently the Iranian aristocracy as a regular and in-demand customer of these dishes. The present article In the field of interdisciplinary studies of art history and archeology seeks to study and analyze the evolution of blue and white Iranian porcelain pottery under the influence of imports of similar Chinese ceramics. And to study the spread of Iranian and Chinese motifs in the form of these vessels through transit to European decorative arts. The findings of the research indicate that the high price of these vessels and the long way to import them, as well as the stagnation of the domestic pottery market, led them to discover the secret of the production of these vessels. This led to imitation and even success in producing a similar dish but with native motifs and culture that became known as porcelain dishes.

The Taghdir al-Maghaees Treatise authored by Mohammad Hassan Khan Etemad al-Saltaneh, a work on reforming quantification systems in Iran of the Nasseri period in which Etemad al-Saltaneh discusses the introduction of different quantification systems in different societies, the existence of different systems in Iran and the necessity of standardizing them, the French metric system, and a proposal to standardize quantification systems in Iran by following the example of the French metric system. The treatise, despite being reviewed and published in Payam Baharestan, has not received attention from researchers, and its historical value has been disregarded. Thus, the present article intends to examine the historical context and value of the treatise as its central theme and to explore the importance of the treatise in the debates on quantification system reforms. The result of the research indicates that the treatise was written in the last three years of the Nasseri period in response to the economic needs of the time, inspired by the debates among enlightened Iranian thinkers who believed in reforming quantification systems. The treatise can be considered the first comprehensive proposal to establish a standard quantification system in the country.

During the First World War, the city of Savojbolagh became the center of competition and conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in Azerbaijan. The cause of this phenomenon was the location of Savojbolagh on the route that connected Azerbaijan to Mosul and Van and could connect the united army of Russia and England. For this reason, Russians tried to take it’s control. The Ottomans also protected Savojbolagh with all their forces. The present study seeks to investigate the effect of the Russian-Ottoman conflict on the situation of Savojbolagh, in a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of the research show that during the 4-year period of the First World War, Savojbalagh was the most severely damaged city in Iran. So it can be mentioned as the biggest victim of the world war I hostilities. This city was occupied 8 times by the conflicting parties military and many of its residents were killed a seend displaced. Also, one of the consequences of this struggles was strengthening of Qazi family after the descendants of Aziz Khan Mukri were removed from the core of power in Savojbalagh which by itself had a significant impact on Savojbalagh future situation.

The Mongols always held celebrations and feasts with special customs and rituals on any occasion. The celebration that was held during the enthronement of the Mongol rulers can be considered one of the most important of festivals. The celebrations of the enthronement of the rulers were very simple at the beginning. By the consolidation of the Mongol Empire and the increase of rulers’ power, more customs and rituals were added to this celebration, but it gradually returned to simplicity. After the establishment of the Ilkhanid dynasty in Iran and despite the influence of Iranian culture, the Mongols followed their own traditional customs in case of enthroning the ruler. The present study is an attempt to describe the nature and circumstance of the enthronement ceremonies during the sovereignty of the Mongols and Ilkhanids. Developments of this important phenomenon is also discussed. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. The sources of data and information are library and documents.

From the middle of the reign of the Ilkhans to the middle of the Safavid era, Iranian miniature painting gradually flourished. In spite of many political changes that happened in this interval, including the change of governments, the quality and value of this art not only did not decrease, but it also gained more validity. In this case, several factors were impressive. Among them, the most important one was the role of royal Art patrons, Therefore, the problem of this research is the type and degree of royal art patron’s familiarity with the arts related to the book design, especially miniature painting, and also the impact rate of this familiriaty on the evolution of Persian painting. With the aim of making clear how familiar the royal patrons were with their contemporary arts. The study period of this research is from the reign of the Ilkhans to the end of the Safavid dynasty, and its geographical scope is the world of Persianate culture regardless of its geographical boundaries. The reports and historical evidences remained from these periods show that the important Manuscripts of these periods were not only formed with the financial support of royal patrons, but behind them were also the patrons, some of whom were master artists and some were artists and experts in all kinds of arts. As a result, together with their artists, they could advance the artistic evolution of their time. Therefore, it can be said that one of the most important and influential variables in Persian miniature painting’s evolution is the significant role of court patrons, their knowledge about various arts related to the book design and also their skill in some branches of art such as painting.

In the last hundred years, there have been many discuss over determining the origin of Iran's contemporary history, and it has turned this issue into a controversial issue. As events such as the establishment of the Safavid government, wars between Iran and Russia, the kingdom of Naser al-Din Shah, the Russian Revolution, the coup d'état of 1921, etc., have been mentioned as the origins of Iran's contemporary history. Therefore, the main issue is that When does the contemporary history of Iran begin? Which historical event in Iran is so worthy and important that it can be considered as the origin of contemporary Iranian history? The author discusses the most important ideas about the origin of Iran's contemporary history with a descriptive-explanatory method and with a critical approach. The author considers modernity to be the main cause of the emergence of the new world and the basis of the formation of contemporary history, and she believes that modernity is the inevitable destiny of all the nations of the world In Iran, the confrontation with modernity started with the Iran-Russia wars. But the broadest level of modern changes and reforms in Iranian society was achieved only with the help of constitutionalism. The constitution was the only event that could transform all fields of political, social, intellectual, religious, and economic life in Iran and create a modern Iranian man and a new Iranian civilization. Therefore, constitutionalism is the origin of Iran's contemporary history.

Public Opinion, which is a literal translation of the English Public Opinion, is an ancient phenomenon, but its terminology and subsequent scientific study occurred in modern times and in the old days it was not common and desired scientifically today but the reality of public opinion, regardless of what name we put on it Because it is based on the popular existence of the people, it has always existed in Iranian society. The historical notion of pre-modern authoritarian regimes is that the people did not have any status or importance as the basis for forming public opinion, and therefore the government made no effort to enrich public opinion and It did not the pay attention to the centers of formation. The question that arises here is what was the action of the Safavid government in the face of these conditions? The present study intends to study and study the approach and performance of the Safavid government in order to monitor and control the centers of formation of public opinion, based on the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources. ndings show that the Safavid government as a pre-modern authoritarian government during its rule, while paying attention to the public opinion of its society, has sought to control and monitor the centers and centers of formation and orientation of public opinion. Put yourself. Some places of gathering, such as mosques, pre-existing squares, and coffee shops, which were considered an emerging phenomenon, were directly and indirectly controlled and supervised by Some institutions, such as schools, have used it to spread and strengthen their ideology.

With the establishment of the Pahlavi government by Reza Shah in 1304 A. H. Various aspects of the government changed and found a new organization. The management system of the country's divisions was one of these dimensions, which received a new organization according to the nature of the new government. Therefore, this research is trying to answer the question by using the historical research method and archival documents, publications, and other historical sources, that the organization of the management system of country divisions in the first Pahlavi era before the drafting of the Law of Country Divisions in 1316 A. H. How was it done and what were its goals? The findings of the research show that the first Pahlavi government during a twelve-year process and before the drafting of the law of country divisions in 1316 AH. By establishing new regulations, changing the structure of the Ministry of Interior, changing the names of cities, annexing or separating cities, districts, and villages, and changing the executive elements of the country's divisions, he succeeded in organizing the management system of the country's divisions and making changes in that area to concentrate affairs in the country's capital and support for the government's modernist programs.