BIANUUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF IRAN LOCAL HISTORIES
Year:2013 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

The Arvand River opening was an important strategic waterway that connected the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia. Except ancient local governments of Kharaks, Kharasan, in the Islamic era, local governments and movements such as the Zangiyan, Baridyan and Qaramatha empowered in the region. Although they do not seem to have much in terms of military troops, but they could have important effects on the Abbasid Caliphate situations. The following article answers this question that what was the economic role of the Arvand river opening in the history of local governments in the Persian Gulf in the time of Caliphate. The theory suggests that the economic position of the opening of the Arvand river had a leading role in the fate of regional governments and the relationships they had with the Caliphate.

One of the areas that the Mongols attacked, and the acquisition and mastery of that area was their aim, was Armenia. In this period, many parts of this land were ruled by the family of prominent and famous Lords of Armenia. One of those clans was the clan of Orbelian that had considerable power and ruled over the region Syuniq, and in the history their government is famous as Syuniq Government. After the Mongols invasion to the properties of Orbelian, this area became the Mongols property and then after establishing the Ilkhanid government, this family such as other Lords of Armenia obeyed them. The findings show that the religious, economic, social and especially political situation of the Syuniq government in the time of Mongol Ilkhanid were affected directly by the relationship of this family with the Mongol governors, also the Syuniq state seriously were dependent to Mongol governors to have good relations with them and satisfying them in order to survive their state and their power in the competition with other governing lords of Armenia. On the other hand, the Mongol governors and Ilkhanid for strengthening and continuing their ruling government in Armenia and other areas in southern Caucasus needed those families, so that when needed they could take advantage of the obedient lords such as Orbelian family to reach their goals in that region.

Mohammad ibnIlyas one of the descendants of Ahmadibn Asadibn Saman, was among the commanders of Amir Nasr II, who could revolt in the Fourth Century due to the power struggles in the south areas of Iran. He entered Kerman in 317 A.H. and established a government called BanuIlyas, the one which lasted until 357A.H.BanuIlyaswere always involved with struggles with the two present powers, Buyidsand Samanids, and ultimately Kerman was attached to the Buyids. The present article is an attempt to investigate two major issues as far as possible. First, an investigation on the background situations for the power gaining of Buyidsin Kerman state and then an explanation of the relations of the local government with the two powers, Buyidsand Samanids. It is will be an attempt in clarifying the local history of this area.

In the 7th and 8th centuries of hijri, Kish Island had been the maritime trade center of the Persian Gulf under the reign of Bani Gheisar government, and any changes in this area has affected the neighboring areas and further lands. The objective of this essay is to study the economic changes of Kish Island and its excellent position in the maritime trade of the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, and Bani Gheisar governors until after their decline. Strong economy was the reason that after the declination of Bani Gheisar government, empowering and the military and political influence of Attabakan from the province Fars and the development of the new government in Hormoz area had never affected Kish Island and it never fell into recession. Accordingly the economic importance of Kish Island, which has been acquired during the government of Bani Gheisar, after their declination was maintained after the advent of the powerful princes of Hormuz, and it affected continuously the business activities inside Iran, in northern and southern borders of the Persian Gulf and the lands beyond its borders.

The Reasons of Foundation of Local Dynasty of Al-e-Mazeh in BukharaIn the year 482 AH the dynasty of Qarakhanid (Al-e-Afrasiyab) that had governed the Mesopotamia since 395 AH, had no way except obeying Sultan Malek Shah Seljuki (465-485AH). At the time that Sultan Sanjar Seljuki (511-552 AH) was the governor of Khorasan (490-511 AH), first he gave the government of Samarqand to his nephew, Mohammad Arsalan Khan (whose father was from the dynasty of Qarakhanid), and after some time he gave the position of chief justice and the city's highest religious authority, along with the head (top) of Bukhara, to brother of his wife, who was a prominent cleric named Abdul Aziz ibn Umar ibn Mazeh. Since mentioned positions were hereditary in the family of Abdul Aziz ibn Umar ibn Mazeh, local dynasties of Al-e-Mazeh (Al-e-Burhan) were established in Bukhara that lasted till the end of Kharazmshahiyan government (490-617 AH). In this study, based on authentic historical sources and studies, using descriptive– analytical method, after a quick look at the dynasty Qarakhanid and their relations with the Seljuk, firstly the different reasons of foundation of the dynasty of Al-e-Mazeh then objectives of Sanjar ibn Malekshah of that action has been studied. In conclusion, according to the data presented in the paper, concerning the dramatic ups and downs in relationships of Seljuks and Qarakhanids, in a general conclusion, the situation of Al-e-Mazeh dynasty in the relationship between the two mentioned governments are shown.

One of the important social features of Iran that has always made Iranians proud during different eras was the immigration of Iranian tribes to other areas of the world. These immigrations were an important factor of developing Iranian culture beyond its borders and introduced glorious elements of Iranian culture and civilization to the other nations of the world and in many cases have had excellent results. Immigration of Iranian Baloch to East Africa and their intimate relationship with the people and tribes of this area is a good example that has had very important results. In this essay, the author has tried to deal with the reasons of such immigrations from Balochistan of Iran to East Africa and how they were settled there, at the same time the main hypothesis of friendly relationship between Iranian Baloch and native people of east Africa and their public acceptance in that area has been studied. The framework of the essay is according to the effective role of the Iranian immigrants on the development of Iranian culture and civilization and its cultural and political outcome resulted from the settlement of Iranian Baloch in East Africa are the independent variables of the research. In this essay, by the use of analysis and descriptive method, it has been tried to study the main effective factors in the process of immigration and settlement of Iranian Baloch in east Africa.

In Sistan province Land has always been one of the most important factors of historical events and changes, so that during the centuries it has caused an ancient, consistent, everlasting landholding system conforming to the environmental, social and economic situations. This process had continued to Naser-al-dinshah time in the beginning of his era, lands of Sistan have been announced as properties owned by the government and were rented to the military generals and tribal chiefs (special tenants). With this change all different kinds of ownerships were deleted. This method had practiced till 1311 of solar year (1932), but in that year by the government order some changes have been made in that method and lands of Sistan were announced as rental shares and were given to the native residents of Sistan province (public tenants). This method of tenancy had governed the land system of that area for 5 years from 1311-1316 (1932-1937). In 1316 (1937) the cabinet had approved the law of selling the lands of Sistan province, but this action had not ended the problems of lands and regional quarrels and had some consequences. Those endeavors had coincided the government's efforts to reduce the power of military general landholders. In general the changes of land ownership in Sistan in Pahlavi I era can be categorized in three periods, tenancy, managing, and private. In this essay it has been tried to answer these questions: Why land reforms were made by Pahlavi I? What were the backgrounds and basis of land reform? What were the consequences of land reform and how the roles of land holders in the changes of this period are analyzed.

In the onset of Soltan Yaqub AqQoyunlu, he faced domestic and international unrest and problems. His main domestic problem was the unrest in different regions of his empire, particularly in Isfahan. The main objective beyond the scope of this research is the reason and causes of occurring the riots in Isfahan, which was one of the greatest cities in his empire, also, the results of those riots? Further, this research emphasizes on his reactions against the riots and how he finally was able to overcome them and calm down the city and return permanent peace to Isfahan.Based on the perspective of this research and its expected outcomes obtained by conducting study among available historical references, it was found that the conflicts and complications between his sons in a short period after his death and weakness of central government and infidel people was entailed in order that other commanders think of conducting riots in order to take the power in area as large as possible.Given Isfahan was an strategic city, political people who were acting against Yaghoob tried first to conquer the Esfahan city by doing riots agains the central government. Despite the confrontation with the rioters, a whole part of Yaqub's power and time were taken. Eventually, he succeeded with his intelligent way of political scheme consisting of negotiation and force, overcome the riots and control the city.