BIANUUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF IRAN LOCAL HISTORIES
Year:2018 | Volume:6 | Issue:2 (12) |Papers Count:15

By the collapse of Sasanid empire, many of the theoretical foundations of Iranshahr political thoughts faced a serious challenge. The intellectual system of Arab attackers was not compatible at all with Sasanids' political traditions and landowning customs. The ethnic and tribal history and then Islamic teachings, caused the Arabs' political culture to benefit the characteristics which made them not to accept the Iranians' political concepts. Iran's conquest by Arabs and the elimination of political unity and governmental organization of Sasanids, did not mean the annihilation of Iranians' coherent and consolidated thoughts in the field of politics and landowning, but this intellectual system was underway thorough the cultural bases and attempt of different groups of people. Meanwhile, as Pars province played an important role to explain and reproduce the intellectual concepts and foundations of Iranshahr's political thought, has a worthy importance and it is because of the mentioned land's position in history and memory of Iranians. The findings of the present study shows that the persistence of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrian clergy, nobles and great Persian families in this part of Iran, gave an outstanding situation to Iranian thought in order to be dynamic and reproduced. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical on the base of library studies.

Fars, because of a long historical background and origin of Sasanid dynasty, was the only province of Iran that led the Iranian Zoroastrian community in times after fall of Sasanians. Historical evidence and documents in the Zoroastrian centers of Fars enjoyed the necessary prosperity and recognition of the Islamic state. But suddenly from the first half of 5th Hegira century onwards, their historical presence in Fars diminishes, so far as there are no credible reports, both inside and outside the Zoroastrian community, about their effective presence in the land. What has been discussed in this article is the expression and posture of the Zoroastrians in Fars until the beginning of the fifth century and the study of how they confront the religion of Islam. Also, it attempts to provide a logical answer for this important question: What happened in Zoroastrian community of Fars? a response which, for various reasons, suggests that Shirkouh's slopes in Yazd are a probable option for the migration of the Zoroastrian organization of the Fars region.

In recent centuries, the tabernacle of Ahmad-Ibn Musa-al-Kazem renowned as Shah-e-Cheragh, has been one of the main centers and factors of cultural evolutions in Shiraz and because of locating in the old contexture of this city, the literature of its neighbors has a salient sight. One of the famous stories in slangy literature of Shiraz, is a narrative which ascribe the time of its discovery and building to the age of Azod-al-Dowle-ye-Deilami. Nonetheless, in the present researches which are most historical, is suffice to the criticism of its originality and the roots of its formation in the slangy literature of Shiraz has not been introduced and analyzed. The study whilst investigating the evolution of available written and verbal narratives about the time and the manner of its discovery, has also specifies the effective factors in forming this story and its probable roots in the historical narrative, by using content-analysis method, which ascribe the time of its discovery to the age of Atabakan. Results show that, contrary to the opinion of history scholars of Shiraz, some of the main pillars of oral narrative that are common in slangy literature of Shiraz, are rooted in historical and theosophical documentations. The type of its architecture, amalgamation of the story of the discovery of Shahcheragh's tomb with the available narratives about other entombed innocent persons in Shiraz and the role of Zahabiyeh sects in ruling the going affairs of holy shrine are also the other factors which were effective in the expansion of this story in the slangy literature of Shiraz.

Baghdad, the Abbasid Capital, which contained some factions became the field for struggle between Shiites and Sunnis. These controversies did not limited to cultural domains and centers, and spread gradually to social scenes and disturbed the civil peace. It is right that there has been struggle and conflict among the Islamic factions during the history, but in this era, the struggle between the Shiite and Sunnis became more violent than ever before. The present study-which is based on a descriptive and analytical approach through the qualitative method with – was aimed to clarify backgrounds and factors which acted in rebating and intensifying the struggles between the Shiite and Sunnis which in turn determine and explain such initiatives.

The growth of capitalism in Iran and the dependence on the world market in the nineteenth century led to various spheres of economic and social in country influenced by the developments of the West and the global system during this period. This dependency also changed the agricultural sector as well and led to the growth of commercial agriculture. In this research, It has been tried to use the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the theory of dependent development and the use of archival documents, to be answered to this question that What is the effect of growing commercial agriculture on land ownership system in Mazandaran? After reviewing and analyzing data and documents, this result was obtained that the growth of commercial agriculture has led to the importance of land and land management profitability and the cultivation of monetary products in nineteenth-century in Iran. This led to the tendency of the non-temperate classes of society, including traders, government officials and even foreigners to own land and agriculture. These people joined to the landowner class of the community to purchasing multiple lands and provided the ground for the expansion of private property and the master's Relationship. The growing need for arable land and the desire to expand personal property, Led to some action to lease land and even capture forcible of farmers' lands and minor owners of local that this issue, as the new landlord develops in Mazandaran, led to the landless many native farmers.

The Safavids did not have a proper supervising of the situation in distant states such as Makoran (Baluchistan) until the time of Shah Abbas I. Thus, after domination of these areas, they turned the government into mediators by handing over the administration of a part of Baluchistan to the Governor of Kerman and another part of it to the Sultanate. This process, which was roughly based on indirect observation of states, although its short-term negative effects were not revealed in the short term, but in the long run, and occasionally the weakness of the central government, caused a lot of problems for the Safavids and focused on local dissatisfaction in Baluchitan. And this field contributed greatly to the victory of the Ghiljaidsin the attack on the capital of the Safavid. The basic question that this study seeks to provide a well-grounded answer to what was the basis of the context and effect of the Baluch revolt in southeastern Iran during the Safavid period? The main hypothesis of the paper is that the numerous attacks of Kerman rulers, religious hardship and tax pressures caused people to be dissatisfied with the Safavid regime and caused them to revolt in the late Safavid; these riots set the stage for weakening the Safavid rule on the eastern borders and spreading the Mahmud Afghan refugee provided. This paper describes the ups and downs of developments in this state in Safavid era, which shows that the change in the role of the borderland peoples from the borderland to the influence factor and the attackers to the extent to which the government, the behavior and attitude of the structure of the central government of Safavid It depends.

In the long period of time, Iran society was consist of a set of Eilat and settled and urban communities. Although power was in the hands of Eilat but it was the Iranian culture and civilization which dominant Gulf Arab Fars are one of the Confederate tribes of the Khamse that played an important role in the transfer of power in southern Iran, especially from the Qajar period. Continuity of residence in the Iranian Plateau led the tribe to know as a part of the Iranian tribes. The Khamse influenced by the interaction with other tribes living in the Iranian plateau and urban communities were set up ancient Iranian customs, and despite ethnic differences, they identify themselves as a part of the Iranian national identity. This research tries to investigate the components of Iranian identity formed in the Arab Fars tribes. This study seeks to answer these question that; What is the relation of the Arab Khamseh tribes with Iranian identity and culture? how this identity and culture in the tribe is formed and what are its components? The study indicate that in terms of living location, these people were in the heart of Iranian civilization and because of proximity to tribal and ethnic groups, they found Iranian identity and temperament, in which cultural characteristics, traditions, and elements of Iranian identity could be seen among this tribe. The methodology of this paper is analytical-descriptive based on Library resources, empirical study, and oral interviews.

Nosratabad is now one of the region of the city of Zahedan. Nosratabad region as the center of town about a hundered (Km) north of west Zahedan– bam is on the way. In the writing of ancient historians and geographers of the city with titles such as Esbyz, Espe, Esfi, Sepeh and is named Sanij. Nosratabad geographical location as the only desert village between Kerman and Sistan is the cause of its importance. There are long– distance aqueducts and agricultural Lut desert, Nosratabad as the home of way for passengers and the trade caravan from west to east and Sistan – India trade had been transformed. The remaining munuments of the past in this place, such as minarets and an inn due to development is a demonstrator of governors. So that the Qajar period, in addition to commercial importance, due to the political and military situation, Nosratabad, more attention was paid to it by the king of the Qajar. These factors led to the construction of forts and military equipment and the prison provided in the region. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to examine the historical geography of Nosratabad (based on the economic, political and military situation).

In 1927A. D, in Tarahā n area at Lorestan, a rebellion took place against Reza Shah in which the natives surrounded the commander of the west division, brigadier general Shah-bakhti. Ali Mohammad Khan Ghazanfari (Amir Azam), son of Nazar Ali Khan, was the leader of this rebellion, which was the last major one in Lorestan against the government forces. That was because of government’ s attempt to establish tyranny, the military commanders’ brusqurie in implementing some programs such as unarming, compulsory settling, and neglecting the attitudes of tribes of Lorestan. These had caused some sort of fear and hatred of the army and the government among the tribes of the area which, in turn, leading to rebellions including ones that occurred at Tarahā n. In this study, we shall analyze the previously mentioned event. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature, the context, the causes, the consequences and the fate of the rebellion of Tarahā n. The results show that the outrageous behaviors of army commanders towards tribes and natives’ fear of the supremacy of military forces, some efforts to preserve the local authority and various family disputes among the local rulers were the main causes of the rebellion. These led the rebellion into defeat, made AmirAzam give up, and at the end, the army captured the area.

Reflecting on the Qara-Khitai Dynasty in Kerman (between 619 to 704 AH), we can see that coincides with the rule of the dynasty, some women, with the power to enter the political arena and can even be the King of Kerman. Despite the increasingly influential role in the prosperity of the kings of the political, social and economic part of Iranian territory over the centuries, in today's research, not paying enough attention to the position of these ruling women and their political, cultural and economic role have been neglected. Therefore, the present study uses an analytical method to introduce these female leaders in their direct and indirect activities in the development of Kerman's land policy and economy. Therefore, the present study uses an analytical method to introduce these female leaders in their direct and indirect activities in the development of Kerman's land policy and economy. The results show some female leaders at the head of the Kerman government and with political stability and expansion, Kerman provide the foundation for economic prosperity.

After the time of Rudbar-e Alamut and Quhestan, the state of Qumes was the third district in which Nazari bases were extensively built. The Ismailis’ strategy in dominating a region was to capture the castles of that area and use those castles as a base to occupy the entire area. In line with this strategy, Nazaris led by Hasan-e Sabbah in 489 AH through the internal disputes between the Seljuqs, were able to win the castle of Gerdkouh and several other castles in the province of Qumes; they then gradually annexed the Qumes to their territory. Through collection of data from historical sources, utilization of an inferential analytical method, and reliance on the results of archaeological explorations of Ismaili’ s castles of Qumes, this article presents the search for answers to the following questions: what are the reasons for the importance of Qumes to the Ismailis, and what is the role of Qumes in legitimizing the Nazari Ismailis’ presence in Iran? The results of this study indicated that Qumes was important for the Nazaris in two key ways: first, its location between the two strategic centers, Rudbar-e Alamut and Quhestan; and its functioning as a bridge between the two regions; secondly, the location of the Khorasan commercial highway leading out from this region. On one hand, these features were responsible for greater integration of the Ismailis’ realm, and on the other hand, the domination of the castles of this area, especially Gerdkouh, led to dominance of the Khorasan highway and its branches. All of these factors clearly contributed to the Nazaris’ political and economic power.

Local historiography is a representation of the past on a local and regional scale. The characteristics of such research are thematic, time and space constraints, and this provides for a partial consideration and addressing the social history/ history of the descendant. Nowadays, scholars consider the history of this kind of historiography in Iran, even to the monographs of the period of Arab Muslim imperialism era. However, there is a distinction between traditional and modern local historiography, which has been illustrated in the local historiography of Etemad al-Saltaneh. In this regard, the main questions of the present research are: What practices of local historiography does Etemad al-Saltaneh have in his works? How are the indicaotrs of local historiography displayed in the works of Etemad Al-Sathaneh? What are the status of common people's lives in the local historiography of Etemad al-Saltaneh? Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the new features of the local history of Etemad al-Saltanah. The research method is a descriptive-analytic type and its research findings indicate that local historiography in the lateral dimension is one of the most characteristic features of the text in the works of Etemad al-Saltanah. The transverse look is the look of the wise in the history of the descendant, paying attention to the types of poverty, collecting the data in the field of study, observation and interviewing.

Sheikh Safi's tomb is of special significance in the field of architecture and arts. This monument is from the works of the seventh century AH and has gradually expanded to the present state. The building was originally a monastery residence of mystics and the center of Sufis. But after them, Sheikh Sadr al-Din, made it pantyhose. This research seeks to answer the question of what historic status of art and architecture has been in history? The result of this research shows that the tomb of Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardebili is one of the most important and valuable works of Islamic art and architecture of the Safavid period. Despite the effect of natural factors such as earthquakes, floods and destruction, the tomb are considered a top Iranian art work and the style of Azeri and Islamic architecture. The present article deals with the field study and descriptive-analytical methods and relying on library texts to evaluate the history of the construction, change and development of the tombstone and its collections, as well as the importance of its architectural and artistic value.

Local historiography in Iran, from the fifth century AH and starting with the rule of the Seljuks (431 AH), entered a new era. The study of the works of local Iranian historiography during the Seljuk period, relying on the main research question based on the nature of the local history of Iran in this era, indicates the emergence of changes in the historic class base, the methods of writing works, chronicles, the language of these works, the motives and goals of the historians as well as the addressees of this local chronicle. Accordingly, the next step in the investigation, following the change in the process of writing local chronicles, is to wonder why these changes are; for ease in this matter, the local chronicle of the Seljuk period has fallen into three categories: personality driven, policy, and combination. The study of local chronology of this course in the above category shows that the fundamental factor in changing the process of writing local chronicles is the widespread acceptance of the literary class of historians. These historians have different motives and goals in writing local chronicles than their predecessors, the differences in their motivations caused to revise in the methods used in writing local chronicles. With the arrival of this new class of historians, the change in the addressees’ class base of the local chronicle has come to pass, and as a result, the Persian language replaced the Arabic language in writing the local chronicle. Recent study is a historical-analytical research and the method used is explanatory. But at the same time, the fundamentals of sociology of knowledge have also been used to explore resources.

The study of importance and role of women participation in Iranian economic areas leading to target setting and policy making in women affairs are among the significant issues of the country. Thus, in the present study, the researchers are to, within the framework of a historical research, elaborate on the economic status of the women during Qajar era, as a historical period, in which the women presence in the society was highlighted because of the emergence of "Constitutional Movement". Accordingly, having used the library method and internet research, the researchers have analyzed the information obtained from historical evidences and studies conducted before. In this research, the economic presence of women in the intended era has been analyzed in form of modern day occupations and then classified based on a new method of classification. Under the classification and based different classes of society during the era, different aspects of women activities have taken into consideration in areas of political, social and subsistence economy.