BIANUUAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF IRAN LOCAL HISTORIES
Year:2017 | Volume:5 | Issue:2 (10) |Papers Count:12

This paper will examine economic and religious challenges that existed in Kashan which must be dealt with in creation of a constitutional structure. Kashan economic context, in which the new system would be deployed, was the heir of unorganized economic situation of Iran in the Qajar era that made accepting the new system more difficult. In the Qajar era, Kashan was a static society with strict religious beliefs that did not accept constitution and modern system. Two letters essays of “ Kalamā t-e Anjoman” and “ Resā ley-e Ensā fiye” for reconciling Constitution with Islam to accept the new system. This study was done by using archival records, manuscript & original sources to answer this hypothesis that: “ economic and cultural situation of Kashan had affected the acceptance of the constitution in the Qajar era” . The findings of this study have indicated that the deteriorating economic situation of Kashan in the Qajar era was a major challenge in the way of accepting the new system. Cultural situation of the city and its static structure were cultural challenges for establishing modern system. Writing essays by scholars of Kashan to prove compliance of the constitution with Islam is evaluated as a mean to help establishing the new system in Kashan. In this paper, the two aforementioned challenges and ways out of it are analyzed.

Ali-Reza Khan Garrū si was born in Bijar of Garrū s city in 1260 (AH). At the age of 15, he joined the government profession and about 54 years, he served in different military and government positions. When he was 18 years old he came to power of Garrū si rule, but due to his lack of adequate experience, he disposed his position and thereafter, he started his position in military profession. From 1300 to 1329 (AH), he was frequently appointed ruler of Garrū s and during those period of times, he attempted seriously to promote Garrū s status, but in what fields he attempted and to what extent his efforts were effective are the considerable issues the current study is dealing with. Despite the fact that Ali-Reza Khan was a tyranny, with the beginning of the constitutionalism and due to the time political necessities, he changed into a constitutionalist, but in 1329 (AH) he unexpectedly changed his mind and became against constitutionalism and constitutionalists as well and joined to Salar al-Dowleh Qajar who had revolted against the constitutional Revolution to suppress it. He, by performing this doubtful act, made the public confused about his thoughts and behavior as well. The present paper, based on the reliable documents and resources, intends to study Ali-Reza Khan’ s personality as an influential figure in both great national and regional events of the Qajarid period, on or after the constitutionalism.

importance of Kermanshah city during the pre-Islamic, especially in Sassanid period. However, there are many ambiguities about many topics related to this city, including history of settlement, the exact date of construction, the original name of the city in the Sassanian era or before it, and the appellation of this name. Archaeological excavations could not solve this problem because of the inadequacy of excavations in comparison with Considerable extent of Sassanid's remains of this city. So, up to now, any effort to find inscriptions and similar evidences that could solve this problem has been inconclusive. Over the last century some theories, mixed with guesses about the name of Kermanshah during the pre-Islamic period, have been offered based on writings of ancient historians. Some scholars have done efforts, based on numerous texts remaining from the Islamic period, to find the roots of the city's name. Despite all the efforts done by various researchers, accompanied by exact studies of Persian, Arabic and classical western sources, some shortcomings are evident in their works the most important of which is paying little, or no attention at all to oral traditions of indigenous people; neglecting some important historical sources in their research; and vividly neglecting some historical and geographical characteristics related to this region. In this research, in addition to the analysis of previous ideas and focus on previously neglected sources and evidences, we attempt to offer some new suggestions or remarks about the above-mentioned issues and questions.

Agha Mohammad Khan invasion to Kerman had great security and political consequences. The increasing strugg les made local heads in southwestern Iran had created a hazaddous situation to that extent that the soperation of Sistan region from Iran was probable. This condition caused the high-ranking Qajar princes to Kerman atate to establish security there and to reconstruct it which a huge part of its urban foundations had been destroyed. During the Qajar ruling dynasty the process of establishing security was put into agenda by the Qajar rulers. The present study by focusing on how the process of the security establishmen and political administration of the Kerman state were undergone in Qajar era, has been carried out. The finding of the study reveal that the Qajar rulers despite the existing local revolts, set out to establish security and to reconstruct the destroyed city of Kerman via appointing the high-ranking princes and experienced and skillful bureacrats of the Qajar dynasty.

The origin of the Naghshbandiyeh was Transoxian and Khorasan and from these centers found its way into other regions, including Kordestan province which this important measure was taken by Mawlana Khaled Shahrzouri. Why and how the Huraman sheikhs (sufi outhorities) in fluenced among the public and their role in the political developments of the 20th century AD. Is the focus of the present study. The sheikhs and dignitaries of the sufi seets in Kordestan, particularly Naghshbandiyah, due to the people’ s support as well as through seizing the local rules power were in line with increasing their political social inflwence in various realms. The political influence of the Ouraman sheikhs was issued and encouraged them to fight against the two aforesaid governments. Generally speaking, the political activitis of the Naghshbandi sect, particularly the Ouraman shaikhs reached its Zenith during the Qajar era.

Tabarestan land is such areas that its appellation and geographical domains have been the case of many conflicts. This title officially was used commonly through pre-Islamic and part of Islamic era ( up to the end of eighth AH century ). From this time for no obvious reasons Mazandaran which for long time was used along with Tabarestan took its place instead. Changes for the name of this strategic region in terms of history importance and local identity is an important question that this essay is considered. This article is done by a descriptive – analytical approach, and considering to the history of Tabarestan and its political, cultural, and social nature study the replacement of Mazandaran title for geographical proximity of the case. Research results show that the Tabarestan appellation with its inhabitants has been more appropriate than Mazandaran with its geographical characteristics. It also should be noted that the political spectrum in this geographical area, particularly in the Islamic period due reasons such as clan rivalries, internal conflicts, and rulers expansion was fluctuated, so it is not possible to determine its exact boundaries.

Contrary to common view which believes that Azerbaijan state lacks local historiography or attributes its formation to later eras, this state has experienced existing such works since the initial endeavors for writing local history simultaneously with other regions. In the surviving lists, it can be seen some scattered and temporary references to such histories which begin with conquests news and continues over the centuries by ups and downs; however, most of these works have been lost or destroyed during the events. Meanwhile, the influencing factors on writing the local history in Azerbaijan have some similarities and differences with other regions in some components. In the current study, it is tried to study the Azerbaijanian local historiography trend since its formation until the foundation of contemporary historiography by the method of descriptive analysis and the use of documentary evidence. In addition to clarifying of which causes, grounds and differences with other regions, the study is trying to find an answer to the basic question that since when local historiography in Azerbaijan has been started and which causes and contexts led it to have got the attention.

The biglarbeygi of the Kohgiluye and Behbahan enjoyed a high pohtical and social position in the Safavid era. Undoubtedly, this position after the fall of the Safavid dynasty and during theAfshar and Zand periods became unstable, therefore, following the involvement and confronting of the pretender to the thron of the Zand and Qajar reigns, the aforesaid region employed the policy of its tendency and inclination of the Qajarreign. Never the less, aout two decades after the rise power of the Qajar dynasty and their behavior and performances, the above – mentioned region gradually lost its security and some revolts were oceured against the new rulers. These revolts mostly were due to tax-taking. Although this states possessed tribal context and their unity could make trouble for the Qajar rulers, the decision-makers of the Qajar rule, y employing smart policy and proper diplomacy succeded to rule over the territory for a ling time. The cuttent paper, through application the descriptive analytical approach, examines the political situation of Behbahan and city in regard with the Qajar dynasty. The findings indicate that the Qajar rulers in exerting policies were successful and continued the policy up to their collapse.

One of the most prominent eras in the history of the city of Esfahan was the governing era of Saljukid dynasty, such that the historians in that era have considered the city as “ Kheir-ol Belad / city of welfare” . One of the effective factors in importance of Esfahan in Saljukid era was undoubtedly the economic and commercial conditions of this city. Relying on historical data and by the descriptive/analytical approach, this study tries to explain the effective factors in development of the economic and commercial conditions of Esfahan in Saljukid era. The main question that this paper is dealing with is about the factors that have flourished Esfahan economic and commercial situations in Saljukid era. In responding to the above question, the assumption to considered that in addition to understanding the appropriate facilities of the city of Esfahan, the great rulers of Saljukid dynasty (429-485 H. ) played an effective role in that era, by creating sustainability, security and making proper financial and civil policies decisions, in supporting the producers and industrial people.

The Kosdestan atate in coincidence with the Qajar era, found its enlightened summit and position in compiling the lical histories. The local histories are those types of histories which possess a strong ecosystemography trends. These kinds of histories, due to their view from bottom to the top, involve a variety of contents and for this reason are of great significance in the social history studies. One of the best examples of these histories is the history of the Ouraman sultans. This book has been written with the focus on the Ouraman sultans dynasty in the Ouraman region of Kordestan province. The Ouraman sultans family were originally from the rulers of the Ouraman block, one of the blocks which was ruling by the Kordestan state of Iran and Sanandaj was its capital, and up to 1284 AH, was ruled under the leadership of the Kurd Ardalan family. Thr finding of the study show that among the works presented in Kordestan state from the rise to power of the Qajar dynasty to the collapse of the Mozaffarid reign, except Tohfe-ye Naseri of Mirza Š okr-Allah Sanandaji who had some modern approachers towarde the historiography, the remaining of the histories including the history of the Ouraman sultans have been written according to the historiansʾ traditional method.

Eshaqiyeh family has had the power and the kingdom in the West of Guilan, especially in the region Fouman for many years of the seventh to tenth century Hijri. This family was faced of the Mongol period in Iran with a variety of government and were often with the independence of the kingdom in the region. In the reign of the Safavid, particularly in the late period Shah Ismail I, in terms of political power weakened and they were pretty docile the central government. Finally, this family were destroyed at the time of Shah Abbas I in the year 1000 Hijri for intra-regional competition and central government centralized policies. In this reseach, with method descriptive and analytical, had studied Political and social situation Eshaqiyeh rulers in the Guillan at the Safavid period and were paid their relationship with the Safavid and Al Kia in east Guilan. The results research show that Eshaqiyeh family with using Geographical position and the appropriate family, Could ruled west of Gilan for many years.

Because of being located in a geographical position, some cities had special and significant importance in Iran history, Susa is one of them. This city has had great position due to its historical precedence in Elam and Achaemenid era and was regarded as one of the key places in the history of Iran. Susa had significant commercial-political position in Sasanian era because of being located in the way of the Silk road, however, most of the evidences are indicative of its eco-political fall in Sasanian era. Thus using historical evidences and documents, archeological findings and historical method and also relying on the references of that era, this paper attempts to investigate the position and significance of the Susa and the reasons of its fall in Sasanian era. First the geographical position of Susa is mentioned then with regard to its geographical position the reasons of its fall in Sasanian era are discussed.