JOURNAL OF THE MARCO AND STRATEGIC POLICIES
Year:2015 | Volume:3 | Issue:10|Papers Count:7

The objective of this study is to analyze impact of various types of government expenditures on poverty reduction in Iran. Estimation is based on time series data 1981-2012, using a system of equations including variables affecting poverty. The system equations include poverty, labor productivity, employment, wage, access to facilities (Electricity, pipe water, and telephone), educational attainment, and life expectancy that according to simultaneity and diagonality of variance –covariance matrix of residual tests has been estimated with “three stage least square” method. Different types of public spending may have differential effects on poverty reduction. Therefore, government expenditures are disaggregated into different types: social affairs (education, health, social security, housing, rural community development and urban community development) and economic affairs (including roads, telecommunications, water, roads, and electricity). Marginal effects of public spending on poverty are calculated. The results reveal that public investments on health, education, social security, and economic infrastructure (including roads and telecommunications), still have positive and significant marginal impacts on poverty reduction and totally spending on social sectors is more likely to benefit the poor than are other types of expenditure.

The increasing importance of energy resources in the growth of economic activity and the need to take advantage of this valuable resource highlights identification and study factors that influence energy consumption. In this paper, the effect of foreign trade on energy consumption has been studied for 9 members of ECO during the period 1994-2011. In order to estimate the specified model, panel cointegration techniques with the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approach is used. The estimation results suggest that the variables of foreign trade (exports and imports), income and population have positive and significant impact on energy consumption, while the impact of oil prices and advances in technology is negative. Also, to further clarify the details of the results, in addition to a general review of foreign trade (exports and imports), two separate models are estimated for exports and imports. The results indicate a significant and positive impact of exports and imports on energy consumption separately. Whereas, the impact of exports is more than imports.

According to the Rodrik theory (1998) under the Rodrik hypothesis, economic globalization can increase the government size. In this context, this article tries to presents a conceptual model of the factors affecting the government size and it empirical test through panel cointegration analysis with cross-sectional dependency and continuously-updated and fully-modified method (Cup-FM) (proposed by Bai et al (2009)) by using data from 8 developing and islamic countries in D8 group, review relationship between economic globalization and government size. For this purpose, is used the economic aspects of KOF globalization as an indicator of economic globalization. These aspects include the actual flows of trade, including trade, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment and trade barriers such as tariffs and restrictions on real flows. The results show a positive impact of economic globalization on the government size and thus confirm the Roderick hypotheses for the countries studied. Other results of this study indicate a positive and significant influence on the government size of GDP per capita (confirmed the Wagner’s low) and democracy net and it negative influence of degree of urbanization.

Resources Scarcity is one of the most important problem in the whole world and a large number of futurologists state it as a big challenge in future life. The consumption topic and optimized consuming of the limited resources have mentioned in many researches and essays. But a macro and integrated model of resources consumption management has not presented yet. This paper describes how we can design a model within and across the principles dimensions and interaction patterns and approaches along to Islamic culture factors through an ISM. Islamic culture presents some unique and great factors which can be used for developing and improving the quality of the macro consumption model. The final model will be an innovative model which can be used by societies and has implications for future researches. The results and finding show the rank of model’s levels which can be interpreted for an Islamic nation like Iran.

The main aim of this is to survey the effect of real exchange rate changed on real gross domestic product in selected countries. Edwards (1986) model have been considered for this survey. Panel data is used for the period 1993-2010. Im Pesaran, Shin stationary, and Pedroni and Kao co-integration tests are used to verify the existence of long run relationship among variables. Based on Hausman test, fixed effect model for Panel data is used. The estimated coefficient is statistically significant positive for the effect of devaluation on output. The results show the effect of monetary and fiscal policies on output is positive.

Tax and taxation policy is known as the important key of government economic policies and it's efficiency has a significant impact on developing process, especially improvement of income distribution. The main purpose of this study was to find out the effectiveness of different type of taxes on income distribution for the period 1972-2012. The results show that variables including inflation, unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) have negative effects on GINI index and cause unequal income distribution, while variables like taxes, literacy, GDP and the ratio of government constructive expenditures on current expenditures have positive effects on GINI index and improve income distribution index. Meantime, this study showed, Kuznets's U-Inverted Curve hypothesis is confirmed.

Extension of democracy in world’s modern systems, shows collective dimensions in societies. Election as the most prominent and most popular component of legation democracy, needs most participation by population. Values of one group as immaterial capitals are very important and cause continuation and stability of the group, name such values social capital. Election as one collective action can’t empty of this capital. Effective alterations in current elective process can be effected for increasing social capital. In this article with retrospective view to current process of Islamic council parliament election, showing the model based on breaking down defined and fixed boundary in electoral areas, and floating these boundaries that determinate based on attention to population changes, level of developmentally in each provincial region, and items such as regions’ ethnicities, until caused upgrading level of social capital. The main question in this research is showing how effecting of floating electoral areas boundary on increase of political trust and Iranian’s election participation by analytical and descriptive method.