JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCHES OF IRAN AND ISLAM
Year:2013 | Volume:7 | Issue:12|Papers Count:9

In the late of Parthian period, by rejection of Greek culture, steps were taken forward to make the nation belief. Sassanid’s tried to create a deep belief in the national territory under their domination by continues of Kayanids heritage. Based on this, one aspect of Sasanian demanding showed itself up in historiography. They created their historiography on the basis of national identity. It seems that the Sassanid’s realized that creating a national government, lead to the strengthening their power. Therefore, they tried to generate a political unit which was called "Iran". Religion, region, race and symbolism of some components of Sassanid’s emphasized that they were more interested in their historiography. Sasanian by understanding of the importance of historiography in creating national identity, regard it as a source of strength and durability of nation belief.The present article, based on the descriptive and analytical methods through the library resources, is trying to evaluate the reflection of Sasanian effort in Iranian identity and components of national identity in Sasanian historiography. This study considers Sasanian attentions to Persian identity, and discovers the elements of national identity in Sasanian historiography.

Under the influence of variable factors names are applied on places and they may refer to different subjects. Toponyms are associated with the national identity and the historical background of a society. They convey information about culture, history, and literature of a region, and similar to that of political, social, economic, and cultural events, they express aims, tendencies, insights and revenues of people, groups, societies and lands. Therefore changes and developments in a terrestrial have effects on naming the places. Changes in a society can be studied based on the changes through names. Typology of toponyms as an etymological study of geographical names has an important role in identifying names, the study of historical and cultural facts. Iranzamin (lranshahr), with a variety of subjects, encompasses toponyms in numerous species and subspecies. Consequently, recognizing toponym species has a great importance in historical studies, especially from social and cultural history point of view. Present article tries to determine the structure of historical and geographical typology and also to categorize variable toponyms based on the namingsorigin.

This study presents a local historiography related to the writing of secular and religious historical books both quantitatively and qualitatively which are a collection of local historiography. The present investigation and analysis of extant books as well as the exploration of references and quotations from non-extant books which appear in extant books provide a structural pattern of both kinds of local historiography. The comparison between the collection of extant local historiography of Isfahan and the collection of local historiography of other places in Iran can lead us to a structural and contextual framework for analysis of Isfahan historiography books. Using this analysis shows that each one of Isfahan local historiography is classified under the common local historiography of other places in Iran.

The Islamic sources of the Crusades are found in host of historiography traditions that consider these wars from Islamic views. However, since these Muslim authors had access to the events and documents and they were loyal to scientific methods and Ibn-e Ahir was also loyal to these methods his notions are valid. Investigating the methods of historiography and their scientific choice and evaluating the Islamic sources and narrations regarding the crusades are the main concerns of this paper. Among these sources, those of Ibn-e Qolansi on the first and the second crusades and those of Emad Isfahani on the third crusades are very valid. Ibn-e Ahir in his book Alkamel, has dealt with oral narrations and his own observations. He has employed the above-cited sources. However, he has made his own interpretations and has made modifications in both the content and structure of the sources. Therefore, considering the quantity and quality, his work is the most valid and comprehensive account of the crusades.

The collapse of Sasani dynasty changed different aspects of the Iranian society, including its identity. As their identity elements underwent through the changes, Iranians faced with identity predicament; hence they started an effort to resolve this crisis. Due to the significance of the topic, we aim to study Iranian identity during the first two centuries AH in Iran. In this work, we consider historical consciousness as the most important factor in preserving Iranian identity in the mist of the obliterated and transformed identity elements. We study the subject through descriptive-analytic method, using original sources, and Social constructionism approach. The most important result of this research is this point that historical consciousness has the most important role in the revival of Iranian identity during the first two centuries AH. To our purpose, definition of identity will be presented which will finally give way to the study's approach. Then, we briefly examine to causes of Iranian identity crisis during the first two centuries AH in Iran.

Although in the period of sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi' sreign, there are prominent political and military gloy, he is mostly famous because of his conquests in India. Sultan Mahmood’s repeated his victories in different military expeditions which caused him to be greedy in greater occupying through new lands. Sultan Mahmood who had gained the dominion over extant lands by his repeated military expeditions, militated to the city of Ray, the capital city of Al-e Buyeh’s dynasty and occupied Majdaldovleh Buyehi's realm in lraq-e Ajam, in the year 420 H.A and abolished them.By that time, broad lands from west of Iran to Armenia, showed their obedience to his tireless conquest. In this way sultan Mahmood’s occupations reached to the same border as with the emperor of eastern Rome's realm (Byzantine). For sultan Mahmood, military expedition to the eastern Rome had lots of appeal, because even by occupying some parts of Rome's emperor realm, he could place him-self in category of the great world conquerors. But Mahmood's death, because of his incurable sickness, prevented him from reaching to his great goals. And so, sultan Mahmood left the world disappointed, for the golden wishes of that fame conqueror seeker in attacking the realm of Rome's emperor were defeated.

Safavid era is one of the most important eras for Iranian history in creating the foreign relations with European countries. So, the main concern of this study is devoted to evaluate the feedbacks of kings and people of Safavid era in foreign relations policies. This research assesses this idea that Iranians in contrast to Europeans had different thoughts regard to the domestic and foreign policy. These differences, known as that of fundamentals, are based on the historical and military changes in European epistemic system. Through the present study, it is emphasized that both ordinary people and kings of iran never could evaluate and comprehend the current changes in Europe, and this is why they never had a same strategy regard to the policy.

One of the main specifications of safavid's reign was to control military-based thought through the first half of their era. Their domination method over the internal opponents and also the wars with western and eastern enemies imposed such patterns over the political structure of safavid’s community. This military nature directed safavids rule to a way that concentrated on an important part of its thought and military power. The result of this procedure caused great and considerable changes in safavids military construction in a way that from traditional patterns they moved to a focused model of military approach. Occurrence and the continuity of wars caused the safavid's kings to be known as the main commanders of the battle fields. Therefore besides the attempts to improve their military structure in long terms battles regarding the current conditions and their military power, they selected especial tactics in encountering enemies and apparently indicated a good flexibility in this regard .This paper is supposed to reply this question that: what kind of patterns and methods did the safavids use in their battles organization?

After the collapse of Abbasids in Baghdad, the caliphate system was transferred to Cairo in 659 A.H. and continued till the Sultan Salim’s invasion to Egypt in 923 A.H. The attitude of Egyptian community towards the Abbasid caliphate was a result of social and historical background which needs to be surveyed. The essential question of the current study is: what was the great interest of the Egyptian community to regenerate the Abbasid caliphate? This study tries- under historical data and analytic-descriptive approach- to clarify that the political stability of Egypt under Mamluks and the strong position of Sunnism in it paved the way for Marnluk Sultan to invite the Abbasid survivor to Cairo for obtaining legitimacy against Ayyubids and other rivals.