JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCHES OF IRAN AND ISLAM
Year:2019 | Volume:12 | Issue:23 |Papers Count:10

In the history of Iran, Afsharid's dynasty is among the ones which didn't last long, but is has attracted the attention of many researchers due to its founder's unprecedented measures. The writing and compilation of various written works including books, paupers and so on by domestic and foreign writers indicate the special significance of this period during the contemporary history of Iran. people such as Lawrence Lockhart has compared Nader with great men like Napoleon and others in the field of military genius and political talents and have considered him as being superior to them, and professors such as dr. Abdolhadi Haeri has introduced him as the pioneer in the theory of Islamic unity and the unity of Islamic world what has not been dealt with and even the minimum of it's different dimensions has not been studied is the study of the root and causes of his various and sometimes contradictory religious inclinations which have come from his fragmental stand during the period. In the present article, the exiting probabilities have been studied.

This research on the history of Mirza Muhammad Kalantar Fars, a bourgeois character, is a historian of the Zandian era. His only publication is a work, called the newspaper, which the scholars disagree about its typology. Of course, what has been neglected in the commentaries on this work and its author, and the author seems to be the main source of controversies over the nature of the present work, is that the thought and historical thinking, the methodology and method of historiography, and some of the innovative and progressive political views And the sheriff's social, are not aware. Therefore, in this research, it is attempted to analyze the author's poetic system and his historiography thinking in the light of his political, social and cultural conditions, and his descriptive-analytical methodology and attributes of his historiography should be obtained. . The achievements of this research show that the macroeconomic effect of the axioms, religions, Islam, and moralisticism in the continuation of the tradition of historical historiography and in some ways such as the tendency towards simplification, a critical approach to government and governors, as well as a subjective and individualistic approach to socialism (Authorship) has a new approach that has a different effect in the field of Iranian historiography.

Arab tribes of the Arabian Peninsula had entered a new phase of ruling by accepting Islam as their dominant religion. Conquering had started from the first Caliph but took a new shape through the second one. The newly turned Muslims started invading neighboring countries in the name of Islam including Iran and conquered them. Arabs then found it difficult to govern those eastern countries and their cities since it was so demanding and necessitated great consideration, calculation along with the enumeration of kharaj payers. Due to the facts that these conquerors were void of any civilized background and did not have any knowledge in this regard, they had to rely on domestic trained experts to help them do so. As a result, Arab conquerors by the help of Iranian Muslims and by getting acquaintance with the vast Sassanid bureaucracy restructured the governing system implementing slight modifications. Their best help in doing so were noble Iranian families which caused the transferring of the royal traditions and rituals to the new system. The main question, on which this research is based, is the study of the consequences of ancient Iranian royal traditions and rituals consistency on the Islamic Caliphate. The author, in order to get a solid answer in determining the variables of this consistency, has followed a descriptive-analytic based research along with a library-based study method. The conclusion is that: The Muslim governors and Caliphs by appointing Iranian as the heads of governmental and administrative bodies not only did consolidate Islamic structures of Caliphate, but also caused Iranian governing methods to remain intact and be transferred to the Islamic era hence their consistency!

Abstract: There are many researches and assumptions about the family's dependence and dependence during the first Achaemenid period. In the Oriental historiography, sometimes a legendary and mythic texture, the recognition of the descendants and descendants and the dependence of the hero-kings family, which was raised to the level of the divinity in a relative way, does not seem to be very convenient. The question of this study is that the transfer of power from the Medes to the Persians, and then at the beginning of this series, to the extent that the transfer of power to the other branch of the Achaemenid dynasty has been effective in the validity of the proposed assignments? The research hypothesis is based on the fact that one of the oldest attributions of the founder of a new kingdom is to the Achaemenid dynasty of the preceding rulers in Iranian history, and in the first period of the rulers of this dynasty they talked about the transfer of power to other branches of this The family is well-known, many studies have taken place in history that have a formal and imitative image and are more closely aligned with the traditions of Greek historians such as Herodotus. The result of this research shows that with a little analysis and interpretation of historical developments and phenomena, especially with regard to its eastern and mythological context, the issue of descent and assignment in the first Achaemenid period was also to be interpreted and analyzed in other ways.

Punishment is one of the strategies of communities to negate behavior nonconformity that is threatened certain principles and traditions of societies. Execution of the oldest and most common has been Punitive methods as in all human societies has been applied to different forms and can be noted in most executions Full-scale torture and physical horrific violence. In the constitutional period because of the emergence of new attitudes was changed form of execution. Now the question is that in the transition from the Qajar era to constitutional and modern era what types of changes have been made in technology and techniques of execution? and is it necessarily this changes can assess to progress and excellence of the human species? It seams that we 're in transition from a public display to execution in prison, from severe physical torture to execution by hanging and Shooting, and long-term torture to immediate execution and instantaneous death. In such a turn, On the one hand in modern-day executions we are witnessing the presence of modern science such as medicine, psychology, and clinical methods and law and on the other hand new technologies like photography and firearm. Hence, modern executions are the corollary of modern science, and without modern science there will be no existential existence.

Khwā razmshā hid dynasty were based with appointment of Qotb-al-din mohammad. B. Anū shtegin on position of Khwā razmshā h, in late of 5th century(A. H), but real installation of dynasty were be holden to cheerful bustles of the second Khwā razmshā h or Atsiz. B. mohamad. The evevnts wre been took place in all round of seljuqi territory, that overrided seljuqi authority and prepared to developed Khwā razmshā hi authority, at simultaneous with accession of Atsiz in the third decades of 6th century(A. H). On the other hand, it was been perpared to indepentism of Atsiz with independential tendencies of Khwā razians and extensiveplying of newly converted tibes of Qipchā q to there, that were could been exercised as a confident army. He, was having special characteristic, took advantage of provided preparations. The attempt is made here to identify thepreparations of of khwarazmshahian power, during Atsiz rule, and his bustles in thisregard with an emphasis on the affecting factors.

The history of the colonial powers, especially Britain and Russia, in eastern Iran dates back to the years before the First World War and their rivalry over the issue of India, but in World War II, again, Iran, especially the eastern regions, is the focus of great powers. In the course of the war, with the intensification and change of the equations, and despite the impartiality of Iran, parts of this land were occupied by the forces of the Allies. The first operation of the East of Iran for the Allies was to use the bordering roads of the region to supply the Soviets with supplies and weapons. On the other hand, the Second World War led to the forced displacement of a large number of Poles. Considering that parts of Poland were simultaneously invaded by Germany and the Soviet Union, a large number of these displaced persons, by the Russians to Central Asia, and thus They were taken to Iran. The entry of some of them into Iran came from the eastern borders and, according to the agreements between the Allies and Iran, they were provided with assistance from the frontiers of war following the arrest and treatment of their turbulent state mainly by the British. This study seeks to examine the political and social conditions of the Second World War in eastern Iran and how the Poles arrived in the region.

The present paper deals with the status of trade in Khorasan and Transoxania in the Timurid period, which is one of the elements that make up the Timurid economy. In this paper, based on the data in the sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach, the regional trade situation has been examined from the advent of Timor to the end of the Boeera rule. The article puts forward the fundamental question of how the business situation in Khorasan and Transoxania was during the Timurid era. In this paper, it has been shown that attention to the trade category in the view of Amiran Teimouri, the geographic location of these two important regions, commodity diversity and the growth of several major cities in these areas are a series of factors affecting the prosperity of trade in Khorasan and Transoxania. The trade of these areas, with the support of these factors and the exposure to economic policies of the emirs of Timurid, has a dynamic business. Therefore, with relative prosperity in the components of the regional trade in the Timurid period, we face.

In The history of economic thought reflect, thoughts and ideas of all schools of thought social, political and philosophical society in the establishment and development of school building. influenced That's the idea of economic, social and political conditions of the time are by the environment. Mercantilism credid as a moment of history almost from the beginning of the sixteenth century, beginning in( 1776 CE / 1191 AH) With the publication of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, loses its credibility. It represents the interests of the political elite school of mercantilism was at the beginning of the modern state. Since that time, the formation and consolidation of the nation-state had certain priorities, Economic activity also serves the purpose of creating strong government revenue. The Moment when the said period almost coincides with the beginning of the reign of the Safavid until the last years of the reign of Karim Khan in Iran. Although can not be exactly consistent with the views mercantile theorists know the Shah Abbas I and Nader Shah Afshar and karim khan, However, some functions and actions can be evaluated and analyzed them in this regard. This study of some characteristics of the mercantilist approach to understand the Iranian rulers at that time used, And through this effort, the theoretical framework applied research in data analysis and documentation. The results of this study show, Economic performance and the nature of the activities mentioned rulers must answer on the basis of wealth, power and more power for their security search.