Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering
Year:2014 | Volume:4 | Issue:16|Papers Count:10

Increasing the efficiency of water consumption and the importance of highly productivity of water consumption in agricultural sectore led to development of Pressurized irrigation methods and made it as one of the most important options in election of irrigation methods. Of course, election of irrigation methods including Pressurized systems for each plan should be in a way to increase the efficiency of water consumption and complete adoption with the regional conditions, it minimizes the operation and maintenance costs. So, this research tends to find suitable places to implement sprinkler irrigation considering climatic conditions, quality and quantity of groundwater resources, topographical status and soil profil using FAHP method in South Khorasan Province. To do this, the mentioned parameters are zonation and turned into fuzzy mode using GIS software. Finally, using Fuzzy Algebraic Sum Operator, all the maps were mixed and the final map was created to find potentials for sprinkler irrigation. According to this map, considering the high speed of wind in region, only 15% have the possibility to perform such systems and 10% of the province regions would be suitable in case of receiving low potential facilities to implement sprinkler irrigation and the rest of it has more capability and in some areas, implementation of such systems is not recommended.

Estimation of the sediment load which a specific flow is capable to transport, is one of the main topics of sediment researches. Abhar Rood River is one of the major rivers in Zanjan province which plays a big role in the agriculture of the region. In the present research, HEC-RAS 4.1 model is utilized to simulate the sediment hydraulic in Abhar Rood River. For this purpose, 730 sections along 50 km of Abhar Rood have been prepared by using the DEM map of the river (map scale 1:4000) in Hec-GeoRas extension of ArcMap, thereafter it was used to introduce the river geometry information to Hec-RAS model. Also the discharge amount with 25 years return period has been calculated in HYFA model using the 33 years flooding discharge data which was measured at the Ghorveh hydrometric station and used to simulate hydraulic flow of the Abhar Rood River. After calibrating the model for hydraulic conditions of the river, sediment boundary condition and bed gradation have been defined in model. Thereafter the sediment transport capacity of the river was calculated by transport functions at total cross sections. The comparison between the achieved results and measured data shows that, the Yang equation has minimum error compared with other equations. Therefore Yang equation due to its acceptable results is recommended to recognize the sediment transport capacity potential. In addition, to investigate the erosion and sedimentation status of Abhar Rood River, Hjulstrum and Shields criteria have been utilized. The hydraulic condition of this river shows the erosion status at the whole crosses of the river.

The design and the choice of the diversion system of a dam depends on topographic conditions, the kind of constructing area (from the point of geology and geotechnical), the river hydraulic situation, forecasted expenses and etc. One of the fashionable kinds of these systems is use of a cofferdam with one or few tunnels. According to the designing instructions and the researchers’ viewpoint, the selection of the diversion system dimensions must be done exactly select that it can pass flood (with maximum discharge) with a fixed return cycle and safely from itself. Choosing the best dimensions of a temporary diversion system from the economical and technical viewpoints, need to make use of optimization methods. The plan of good diverting system is plan that with the least cost, minimize the serious danger and the probable flood in the working lot, while being built. In this paper, by describing the method of calculating the costs of constructing the diversion system which includes the cost of diversion tunnel excavation, embankment and erection upstream and downstream cofferdam, maintaining and lining of diversion tunnel a new method for calculating the minimum cost of constructing the diversion system, by satisfying all designing concerns is presented. For performing the optimization, the Lagrange multiplier optimization method has been used. Its results will become compared with the real dam. The results showed that the Lagrange multiplier method and genetic algorithm to optimize the cost of construction Anjraf as well as to optimize the extraction of minimal diameter diversion tunnel construction tunnel and reduce the time of neural network will be better.

This study was conducted to increase phytoextraction efficiency of Hordeum bulbosum L. in lead contaminate soil (Loamy Clay) in the EDTA-assisted, Ethylen ediamine tetra acetic acid (1.5, 5, 10 mmol kg-1), assessing optimum of treatment time and method of EDTA application to reduce Pb leaching risk into ground waters. Uncontaminated soil without EDTA (C) and contaminated soil without EDTA (W) used as the controls. The results revealed that the greatest Pb uptake (890.70 mgKg-1 in underground organs and 720.65 mgkg-1 in above ground organs) was observed in 5EDTA treatment. Therefore, 5mmolkg-1 was used in second step for assessing harvest time for 20 (Vegetative stage), 80 (Flowering stage) and 140 (Seed production) days. Results showed that the concentration of Pb in plant tissues was increased with passage of time, but between flowering stage and seed production there was no significant difference (p<0.05) and the best harvest time in order to achieve maximum removal of the metal was flowering stage. In third step to reduce leaching risk of Pb-EDTA, 5 mmolkg-1 EDTA in three ways of single, double (two successive) and triple (three successive) were added to the soil. The results showed that under single dosage application, Pb content in the soil reached at its minimum concentration. The data indicated that the maximum Pb concentration in the plant organs was calculated at the single dosage while metal concentration in the plant organs did not vary considerably when double and triple dosage were added. Overall, optimum phytoextraction of H. bulbosum and Pb leaching risk reduction was observed when 5 mmol kg-1 EDTA was added in single dosage, 80 days after the plant cultivation.

In this study, effects of bio-fertilizers on yield potential and agronomic characters of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars under different irrigation regimes were evaluated. Experimental design was RCBD with split plot factorial arrangement and 3 replication that was done on growing season of 2010-2011 at Kerman, (Iran). Different irrigation intervals included 5 days, 10 days and 15 days was applied in main plot and two levels of bio-fertilizers control and Azotobacter sp. And Azosprillum sp.+ phosphate bio-fertilizer as well as three cultivars (Goldasht, Sina and Mex. 22-191 line) were placed as sub plot with factorial arrangement and different agronomic traits were measured. Results showed that all of the traits significantly affected by irrigation regimes except harvest index. Delay in irrigation from 5 to 15 days reduced 33.11% of the seed yield, also all traits except number of seed per head and harvest index significantly affected by application of bio-fertilizers. There were significant differences in all of the measured traits except harvest index among the cultivars that represented variation among them while Irrigation×cultivar intraction was no significant that represented same responses of cultivars to different irrigation regimes. Irrigation×fertilizer×cultivar interaction effects were significant for number of head per plant and 1000-seed weight and the interaction effect of fertilizer×cultivar was significant for biological and seed yield. Biological and seed yield increased with application of bio-fertilizers compared to the control. According to the obtained results the highest seed yield was obtained from Mex. 22-191 line, in application of bio-fertilizer conditions.

Lack of water which Iranians have faced it from the old times, it has created such a technical, cultural and socio-economical complicacies that even the scientific exploitation of these resources are affected, hence before any decision making, the hydrological dimensions of these should be explored. Using of empirical relation of the rainfall - runoff is known as one of the simplest way in calculating the outlet runoff volume of the basins. By the development of the computers and their calculating and logical decision abilities, researchers have developed more accurate and more efficient methods for different problems and phenomena. In this research rainfall- runoff process of Mahabad dam basin is simulated by the HEC-HMS conceptual model. The simulating process is done by using the SCS curve number and Initial and Constant Loss methods for calculating the loss rate, and Clark unit hydrograph and Snyder unit hydrograph for calculating the runoff rate, and their performance was evaluated using statistical criteria, Peak-weighted Root Mean Square Error (PRMSE) and correlation coefficient (R2). Reviewing the Simulation results indicate a better adaptation of the SCS Curve Number method in compare to Initial and Constant Loss method.

In this study, relationships of electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (ECe) with the ionic composition, the ionic strength and the total dissolved salts are studied in the Sudjan plain; also, the general new method of electrical conductivity calculation that has been presented by McCleskey et al. (2012) is used in order to compare with the proposed equations. Therefore, the 80 soil samples were taken from the Sudjan Plain in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiyari Province and soil salinity parameters by measuring sodium, magnesium, calcium, Potassium, chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, carbonate, pH and ECe were determined and analyzed. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient at the significance levels 5 and 1 percent between the salinity parameters showed that the carbonate isn’t significantly correlated with other parameters. Also, the correlation of magnesium and ECe was insignificant. The linear model regressions between the ionic composition, sum of ions, cations and anions concentration, ionic strength and total dissolved salts were generalized. The greatest correlation coefficient (0.91) and the lowest root mean square error (0.08 dS m-1) were obtained in the model between the ECe and the ionic composition. The results of research in the studying plain showed that the presented model in this investigation in comparison with the new model of McCleskey et al. (2012) give smaller error and greater correlation. The insignificancy between the carbonate and ECe and the regression models showed that this ion can be neglected in the calculation of ECe.

Accurate estimation of crop water requirement based on evapotranspiration calculation has an important role in improvement of field water management. The Penman-Monteith equation is the most common method for estimating reference crop potential evapotranspiration. However, this equation needs full weatherr data, but a few stations with complete weather data exist in Fars province. On the other hand, the Jensen- Haise equation is a more simple method for estimating reference crop potential evapotranspiration. In this study, using the weather data of some synoptic stations in Fars province, the Jensen- Haise equation was calibrated and then evaluated based on Penman-Monteith method for every month of the year. For this purpose, the calibrated coefficients of the Jensen- Haise equation were determined for all months and all stations, separately. Also, the monthly effective temperature (combinatio of minimum and maximum monthly temperature with a constant coefficient) was used instead of monthly mean temperature in calibration stage, and the results indicated the appropriateness of this replacement for estimating evapotranspiration. Furthermore, the estimated sunshine hours (based on minimum and maximum monthly temperature) were used instead of measured sunshine hours in validation stage in Jensen- Haise equation, and the results indicated the appropriateness of this replacement for good validation of this equation in Fars province. Finally, the results indicated that the adjusted Jensen- Haise equation was appropriate in Fars province.

In this Study, experimental investigation has been done on sediment control methods by using sill and submerged. Here, sediment inclusion into the intake, sedimentation pattern and separation zone in lateral channel were studied in a laboratory environment. After distinguishing the main affecting parameters, dimensional analysis was done and laboratory experiments were planned. Laboratory flume and measurement instruments were prepared and checked. In these tests, the angle of lateral diversion channel with the main channel changed from 45 degree to 60, 75 and 90 degree. Based on laboratory results, Qr and q are the main important parameters affecting the separation zone at the entrance of lateral channel and the separation line of flow in front of the intake. With increasing Qr the length and width of separation zone decrease and the width of separation line increases. With increasing q the length of separation zone increases, the width of separation zone decreases and due to the change of surface flow pattern under the influence of submerged vanes, the width of surface separation line increases. The dimensions of separation zone in lateral channel in the case of using sill and submerged vane is the same of using sill, while the width of surface separation line is the same of using submerge vanes.

Flood is one of the complex and destructive natural phenomena led to human and financial losses around the country and world every year. Generally methods of flood controlling are classified in two parts consist of structural and non structural methods. Construction of dam is one of the structural methods plays an important role in flood control. A dam by storing a part of flood volume causes to dropping in flood peak and reduces the flood damage in down lands. In this study, by using of river analysis systems (HEC-Ras) and geographic information system (GIS) and utilizing of Google-Earth software, the floodplain with frequency of 50, 100, 500 and 1000 years investigated at Narmaab River of Golestan. Then effect of construction of Narmaab Dam on reducing the flood plain at down lands has been studied. Therefore several scenarios were defined for dam flood storage volume and in any case the flood plain and flood damage at down lands was estimated. The results show that construction of Narmaab Dam with a flood storage volume equal to 6 million cubic meters can reduce damage of flood with frequency of 50 and 1000 years by %75.1 and %40.7 respectively.