SPORT MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
Year:2013 | Volume:2 | Issue:1 (2)|Papers Count:7

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical education and sport sciences graduates’ employment status in Iran.Methodology: The sample of this study consists of 115 physical education and sport sciences faculty members of higher education institutions, major sport managers and graduates of physical education and sport sciences who were selected as a non-random target and had the expertise and experience on the research topic. To gather the data, library sources, literature review, background analysis, interviews, forms and questionnaires were used (a SWOT identification form that contained open and close questions, internal factors questionnaire, external factors questionnaire, and a form of employment strategic positioning). For determining validity of the it questionnaire was reviewed and confirmed by 14 faculty members of sport management and entrepreneurship. Finally, in the pilot study on 30 subjects the internal consistened of questionnaire by Cronbach's alpha was (r=0.94). For analyzing research hypotheses, the Friedman rank test, internal factors evaluation matrix (IFE) and external factors evaluation matrix (EFE) and strategic position and action evaluation matrix (SPACEM) were employed.Results: Having analyzed environmental situations (internal and external) of physical education and sport science graduates’ employment, 18 strengths, 40 weaknesses, 33 opportunities and 33 threats were identified and their priorities were determined. The results showed that physical education and sport sciences graduates’ employment in Iran was located in the worst position possible (T-W& defensive area).Conclusion: Depending on the conditions for explaining employment strategies of physical education and sport sciences graduates, besides using ST, SO and WO strategies, using WT strategies is also recommended.

Objective: The purpose of this study was performing content analysis of Iranian sport newspapers with an emphasis on wrestling.Methodology: This was a descriptive study done mainly by content analysis. The statistical samples were selected from 10 popular sport newspapers in random and rotationally during the 3 months before the Beijing Olympic Games (2008). The data was gathered by a coding sheet the validity of which was then approved. The units for analysis were content, covering level, news value, orientation and the important character of wrestling.Results: Findings indicated that less than 5 percent of news coverage was about wrestling and more than 90 percent was dedicated to soccer news and pictures. Wrestling didn' t have any first or second title in sport newspapers, however football had more than 90 percent title coverage even though it didn’t have any delegate in 2008 Beijing.Conclusion: It is suggested that sport & youth ministry and ministry of culture and Islamic Guidance should apply some incentive programs like supporting the sport newspapers so that they pay more attention to most hopeful national sports for Olympic medals.

Objective: Purpose of the present study was to analyze and evaluate the online ticket sale barriers by using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in Iran’s premier football league.Methodology: This study was a descriptive-survey one. The research instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by academic experts in the field of sports and Information Technology. The reliability as well as the inconsistency rate was evaluated and confirmed as 0.008. The statistical population of this study consisted of all experts in sports management, marketing management, information technology, football federation officials. Based on the judgment of non-probability sampling methods (expert opinion) 113 of them were selected as the statistical sample. In this study, at first, barriers for using technology to sell online tickets for league matches were identified and classified into four: financial, organizational, technical and behavioral barriers, and then the questionnaire was completed by respondents. For data analysis, Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Expert Choice11 software were used.Results: The results indicated that the main barriers for online ticket sales of premier football league matches wererespectively, the technical (0.299), financial (0.260), organizational (0.221), and behavioral (0.220) barriers.Conclusion: Understanding of these barriers can help us have a better use of online ticket sale potential in premier football league matches.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify innovation potentials in football refereeing. Because of the technological changes and innovations that have been created in the football industry, it seemed important and essential to do this study.Methodology: This study was an applied one; quantitative in its purpose and qualitative in its method. The statistical population were national and international referees, assistant referees, and referee assessors. The method of sampling was purposive and judgmental. The statistical samples were elite football referees.Results: The results of this study indicated that elite referees, assistant referees and assessors agreed with the use of new technological innovations in the game.It demonstrated that using new technologies affected directly and indirectly on the referees’ performance, too.Conclusion: The use of these technologies will affect the referee performance directly and indirectly.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate service quality in sports’ facilities of Guilan University by using the SERVQUAL model.Methods: This study was descriptive and all the students of Guilan university were the statistical population. Two hundred eighty five students (150 male and 135 female) were selected as statistical sample and responded to the SERVQUAL questionnaire (Parasuraman et al, 1985). This questionnaire consists of 22 pairs of questions on a seven-point Likert-type rating scale (of 1: strongly disagree to 7: strongly agree) that can measure five dimensions of the service quality (Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy) in perceptions and exceptions sections. This instrument is a general questionnaire for measuring service quality and have been modified to use in the sports sector by France et al (2010). In this study the validity of the questionnaire was verified by the experts and the reliability was also calculated in a pilot study (a=0.899 and a=0.976 respectively for the perceptions an exceptions questionnaire). Wilcoxon and Fridman, independent t-test and repeated measures tests were used to analyze collected data.Results: The results indicated that there was a negative significant gap between the five dimensions of service quality in sport facilities (p<0.05). Maximum negative quality gap (-2.64) was observed in tangibles and the minimum of it (-2.18) was in reliability dimension.Other results indicated that respondents’gender, academic field and educational profile didn' t have any significant effect on their perceptions of service quality in university’s sports facilities.Conclusion: Since a negative gap was observed in all dimensions of service quality in sports facilities of Guilan university, it is recommended that managers and directors of the University pay attention to improve their service quality in university’s sports facilities in order to increase students’ attendance in university’s sports programs. Also, the paper provides valuable suggestions for improving sports facilities offering services.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate motivationg and deterring factors of tourism in sport events.Methodology: The research method was a descriptive and survey type. The sample of the study included 319 tourists of national football team matches. The data were collected using the Wimbledon questionnaire. The validity of this questionnaire was approved by 10 professors of Guilan university and 10 experts in tourism. It had a previously proven reliability of 86% using the Chronbach's Alpha. The research data were analyzed by Binomial tests (p≤0.05).Results: The findings indicated that socialization, entertainment and relaxation (push factors) were the most effective factors in tourists’ attendance in sport events from the tourist and fans point of view. Personal problems, financial problems and risks (deterrent factors) were the most effective factors in tourists for not attending sport events.Conclusion: It is suggested that to enhance the participation of the tourists' attendance in the sport events, their motivational factors must be identified thoroughly and also there must be a good informing system about attractions of the event, and financial costs, safety problems, and health problems must be minimized.

Objective: The pupose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the computer attitude scale (CAS) in physical education teachers of Kurdistan.Methodology: Two hundred sixty nine physical education teachers in the Kurdistan province were selected randomly by the table of Kerjsai and Morgan (N=900). The instrument of this study was the standard questionnaire of computer attitude scales (Loyed and Gressard). This scale consists of these sub scales: anxiety, interest and confidence and includes 30 statements of congruity and incongruity about the attitude towards computer. In order to make the questionnaire reliable, content face reliability (the opinions of the specialists) and construct reliability (Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis) were used and in order to validate the questionnaire, a chronbach (anxiety sub scales, confidence and interest in computer were 0.77, 0.71 and 0.77 and all the scale 0.82) was used.Results: on the basis of the factor analysis results, four factors were determined.However, significant variance difference was demonstrated through the first factor, when we considered the Persian form as one-factor. All variables of this factor demonstrated negative attitudes and anxiety towards computer use among physical education teachers. Also, according to the coefficients of the mentioned a chronbach we can consider the Persian form of CAS scale as having an excellent reliability. The high correlation between sub scales and the total grade of the scale indicated that all of them measured a specified field of behavior (r=0.69).Conclusion: Nowadays computer as a supplementary part has changed teaching at all educational levels. So, the understanding of how different factors are in a transaction with the environment and user characteristics are important since effect of teaching and learning processes can lead to pleasant aims. This matter is affected by the attitude towards computer. The investigations in this field demonstrated that there are sorts of resistance imposed by the persons specially teachers and managers and that teachers seldom have a positive attitude towards technology and are afraid of facing it.