SPORT MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
Year:2013 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the theoretical foundations of hypothesis testing and to look into its rational and philosophical concepts and practical implications of this scientific process in generating new knowledge.Methodology: To this end, the existing literature and leading references on the scientific bases, procedures, and statistical methods in relation to hypothesis testing in order to determine cause and effect relationship or the correlation between the variables were purposefuly studied. The rational, philosophical, and practical considerations and inferences which are presented in the present article are the result of the author’s nearly forty years of experience and teaching in these domains.Results: The results of the studies indicated that almost all the statistical inferences encompass three kinds of errors: Type I, Type II, and other types of errors that researchers may make during the process of their studies (Standard Deviation). The inferential statistics results are valuable when they have least amount of mistakes and errors. To achive this goal, the Type I error can be controlled by minimizing the probability of its occurrence by the researcher. Type II error isdecreased by undertaking provisions like: adding the intensity of independent variable, increasing the number of the participants, choosing a higher degree of probability for Type I error, and using parametric statistical methods instead of nonparametric ones. Ultimately, there is a considerable number of statistical and research method techniques for lowering the indices of variability and deviations of the scores. Interestingly enough, there is a negative relationship between Type I and Type II error. In other words, lowering the probability of one of them will have an incremental effect on the other. From a practical standpoint, Type I error recommends inefficient and unproductive knowledge to the target population; whereas, Type II error may deprive people from useful and effective information.Conclusion: Researchers’ mistakes may absolutely create double-sided damages to society. The researcher’s choice between the first two types of errors relies on the significance of the application of the results.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop strategies for NOC of Islamic Republic of IRAN.Methodology: The statistical population of this study included managers and employees of NOC.IR.IRAN, sport and managing elites and strategic council members (147). In this study 80 managers and employees, 20 elites and all of strategic council members (10 people) were selected as the statistical sample. In order to gather data, surveys and strategic council meetings were used. In the survey, the strategic situation and strategies forms were used. In order to analyze data, Friedman test and SWOT analysis were used.Results: Findings revealed that, NOC.IR.IRAN strategic situation was in SO box. So, all of 13 strategies were determined and developed for NOC.IR.IRAN.Conclusion: Therefore, the NOC of Iran should use its strengths and opportunities more effectively to achieve its goals.

Objective: This study was intended to predict the success of countries at the Asian Games through macro-economic, political, social and cultural variables.Methodology: We used the information of all variables including urban population, education expenditures, age structure, GDP real growth rate, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, population, inflation average, current account balance, life expectancy at birth and merchandise trade of all the participating countries in Asian Games from 1970 to 2006 in order to build the model. This model was then tested by the information of variables in 2010. The prediction was based on the total number of medals received by in each country. In this study, we used WEKA software that is a popular suite of machine learning software written in Java.Results: The value of correlation coefficient between the predicted and original ranks was 77.18% according to Tree model, 90.42% according to Neural Network model and 91.35% according to K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm. Based on the analysis, K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm had the highest correlation coefficient among the 3 models. This model, among 28 countries which won medals in Asian games, predicted the ranks of 23 countries with the maximum difference of 3 between predicted and original ranks, 3 countries with the maximum difference of 4 to 6 between predicted and original ranks and 2 countries with the maximum difference of more than 6 between predicted and original ranks. The previous studies have mostly focused on a small number of variables. The question is why the impact of macro level factors on sport success has been decreased. The results of this study indicated that the macro level variables still have a great impact on sport success and this reduction in impact proportion is due to the replacement of variables.Conclusion: This study aimed to use cultural and social variables besides political and economic variables, because in previous studies due to quantification problems, they were not included in the research design. The point is that many variables can simultaneously have economic, political, cultural and social weights, but their weights can be different in each of these ranges.

Objective: Sports events are an abundant source of profit, income and economic impacts for any area. The purpose of the present study was to review the economic impacts of Tabriz Teractor team entry to soccer premier league on tourism industry of East Azarbaijan province.Methodology: This study was descriptive- analytic. A survey that was a researcher-made questionnaire based on Van Blarcom economic model was conducted. The sample was equal to statistical population and included 568 participnats. Descriptive statistic methods were used for regulation and then inferential statistic methods like Pearson’s correlation coefficient, linear regression and Kruskal-Wallis (a=0.05) were used.Results: The results indicated that holding football league matches in the province increased the number of tourists. Based on the results, there is a positive significant relationship between sport tourism income and hotel hospitality industry (r=0.29, p<0.01), transportation within the city (r=0.29, p<0.01), food industries (r=0.14, p=0.001), the number of visitors to historical attractions (r=0.11, p=0.007), and souvenirs purchase improvement (r=0.2, p<0.01). Share of the hotel hospitality industry, transportation in and outside the city, food industries, income of visiting spectacular tourist sites and purchase of souvenirs was 0.06, 0.04, 0.12, 0.10, 0.02, and 0.12 of the unit respecticely. Total income of sport tourism in this province has been 2232.31 million rials, but there is no significant relationship between income and GDP of the province (X2=2.02, p=0.368).Conclusion: Therefore, low level of competition is the best reason for not finding a significant relationship between sport tourism and increase in the GDP.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explain the confirmatory factor analyses of a scale provided for the selection of Iranian national coaches.Methods: The method of this study was descriptive and survey type. The scale designed for selecting coaches was prepared by compiling the list of effective variables on coach selection and conducting a confirmatory study. The study instrumrnt was a questionnaire consisting 25 components. Its content and face validity were confirmed by faculty members. Coronbachs’ Alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire (968.0=a) (p<0.01). Four hundred fifty people consisting of elite athletes and coaches, managers with high experience in sports, experts and professors were used as the statistical sample and finally, 407 questionnaires were completed.Results: The results indicated that the scale for Iranian national sport coach selection consisted of 4 factors. Each of factors, variables and factorial loading of each variable, the most important factors and the impact of each factor were determined. Based on confirmatory study the resulting structure of exploratory factor analysis was confirmed and finally the path analysis model was approved. According to this model, the Iranian national sport coach selection norms were leadership skills including communication skills, specific skills and technical skills (technical experience and operational capacity). According to the path analysis model, the leadership skills factor and technical skills factor have bilinear correlation together (0.92).Conclusion: The high correlation of leadership skills and technical skills indicated that if the coach were lacking in each of them, they can invest in and improve other factor. The present model is similar to Lean & jesk’s model (1993) and it can be used for selection of national coaches.

Objective: The purpose of this study was designing a model of sport sponsorship selection in Iran’s premier league.Methodology: The research method was descriptive and correlative. The statistical population consisted of sponsors who sponsored 9 sport teams in active premier leagues and 134 sponsors were selected as samples. Researcher-developed questionnaire with 24 questions was used to collect data. Its content and face validity was confirmed by 15 experts in sport management and sponsorship. Coronbachs Alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire (a=94.0). Factor Analysis with a varimax rotation was used to analyse the data.Results: Twenty-four variables were classified into four categories of sport nature, sponsor nature, management interests and compatibility degree. Finally, doing a Path analysis, the model of sport sponsorship selection of Iran was developed. Exploratory model indicated that sponsor nature and sport nature factors were independent ones and compatibility degree was as a intermediary factor, with the management interests acting as a response and dependent factor. Among all variables, sport nature has the highest effect on management interests (0.52).Conclution: It is suggested that for increasing sport sponsorship in order to enhance satisfaction of sponsors, the effective and independant factors should be reinforced.

Objective: Marketing is one of the most important and most complex tasks of sports organizations and customer satisfaction is an initial point to develop a long-term relationship between the organization and its customers. Therefore, the porpose of this study was to predict propability of returning body building clubs’ costumers to the same club by analyzing satisfaction components.Methodology: Using multi-stage random cluster sampling, three hundred and fifty questionnaires were completed and analyzed by costumers of body building clubs of Fars province. The data were collected by two questionnaires: 1. customer satisfaction questionnaire of Liu; and 2. future intention of customer questionnaire of Lim.Results: Results of this study revealed that there was a positive significant relationship between all components of customer satisfaction and future intention of customers. All components of customer satisfaction were significant predictors for future intention of customers, too.Conclusion: So, managers of sports clubs should pay more attention to the comfort and convenience of their sports clubs customers in order to increase their customers’ numbers.