PRIVATE LAW
Year:2017 | Volume:6 | Issue:20 |Papers Count:7

Marrying Foreigners is one of the very important issues of private international law in each country. In this case, the main question is performing the principle of unity of nationality or multiple nationalities of couples? With regard to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland nationality laws, it seems Iran is one of the countries which are still performing Principle of Unity of nationality of couples, while the other countries like the U.K are performing Principle of Independent of nationality of couples. However, it seems that Principle of Unity of nationality is not sufficient of circumstances existing today in Iran. In compare with legally developed countries, Iran needs to have a more precise review on the law of its nationality laws. In this research along investigation about the approach of Iran, and United Kingdom of Great Britain international conventions to unity of nationality, mentioned to practical problems of this principle for Iranian citizens.

Traditionally, fundamental human rights have not played a role in private law, particularly in contract law. These rights have originally been established to prevent state violation of individual rights. However, the occurrence of unequal contractual relations among individuals and its consequences have led to debates concerning the necessity of recourse to fundamental rights in order to protect freedom of contract. The nucleus canon is whether it is possible to grant a fundamental character to contractual freedoms to prevent any kind of abuse of formal freedom of contract principle. By conducting an analytical-descriptive research method, this article aims to discuss comparatively the role of fundamental rights in the field of freedom of contract. It can be concluded that recourse to fundamental rights in dealing with freedom of contract has resulted in emergence of a substantial notion of contractual freedom and even in some cases have attributed fundamental position and status to the principle of freedom of contract.

Government in serving and perform their duties compelled of consolation contract, in this contract simple all of them, the public Accuracy is necessity. In addition this terms, article 79 of calculation law, need the terms of tender and Auction in governments contracts. In first of formality until signature contract, three stage be traversed, publication notice tender and auction, suggestion price of parties, and in the final signature the contract. Multiplicity of this stages cause that difference among juristic what the offers and what the accept, and when the contract is calculation. For removal this difference, determination offers in government contract is necessity. In this article next of definition offer with expression that trait in law and jurisprudence of Iran, study the offer in government contracts, with accuracy in expression mentioned and with law and jurisprudence that subject, it seem signature is consolation contract.

Without any doubt, France is the first country to have achieved the collective management of creators and performers' literary and artistic rights. The management of artistic and literary property right is administrated within collective management civil companies (receipt and distribution companies); however, these companies are inspired by some rules of business companies. The structure of collective management companies in French law has some properties compared to other civil companies. The role of right management can be described in one sentence as "the optimized right management which the authors and other literary and artistic law holders benefit from". This role is expressed through three different contractual relations; the relation between the collective management company and its members, the relation between these companies and the users, and the relation between the collective management companies together. In some cases, the transfer of French law's experiences to Iran's law can be considered useful with regard to the characteristics of the domestic law and cultural needs.

In Iranian law, the declaration of insolvency is treated as "insolvency action". Thus, it is reasonable to expect that this action complies with the principles of trial and the legal rules. The fact is that the non-compliance with the fundamental principles is a violation of judgment. However, by examining existing rules and regulation, it becomes clear that in insolvency action proceedings and the decree of insolvency, many principles of trial and general legal rules are not abided by. After a brief introduction of the insolvency action and its governing law, this paper examines the instances of legislator's ignorance and pertinent reasons. In the insolvency action, the legislator has been renounced of the principles such as persons’ insolvency, financial claim disputes, correlation of permission to thing with permission to its concomitants, authority of res judicata, competence of court of domicile, and rules such as kinsman’s liability, privity of judgments, the validity of the judgment and insolvent’s compliance with bankruptcy system.

A problem that could be posed regarding patent license contract is the effect of patent invalidation in case of lack of novelty and inventive step. Under article 18 of Patents, Industrial Designs and Trademarks Act, the effect of patent invalidation on the basis of lack of novelty and inventive step is from registration, that is, there was no patent. It can be said that since the use of voided invention was free for all, the contract is invalid for the lack of consideration and hence, licensee can be restituted the paid royalties although he benefited from license advantages. However, it should be noted that licensee that calculated license cost in final price and benefited from real monopoly, by restitution of paid royalties, enriches in non- agreed trade which is an example of akle-bel-batel. Also, it can reduce inventors motive to register their inventions and also delay the challenge of the invalidity of improper patent in a court and its invalidation. From comparative law perspective, licensee who had benefited from license advantages, cannot ask restitution of paid royalties and it is recommended to be considered in the said Act amendment.

Financial Information has an important role in economic growth and development of trade competition system. It is considered in different sciences such as economics, accounting and so on. Nevertheless, one of the important challenges in this regard is the recognition of financial Information, because by exploring this concept and its significance, the legislator can foresee civil and criminal arrangements for protecting this information. In relation to the meaning of this information, there are four possibilities. According to the first possibility, financial information is solely one of the instances of trade secret and is concerned with intellectual property law. According to the second possibility, financial information is the information in which any misuse leads to commercial and property loss. According to the third possibility, information that affects three constituent of expense, revenue and investor’s rights, is financial. According to the fourth possibility, information that has financial value is considered to be financial information. Among these possibilities, the fourth possibility is compatible with legal logic, because financial Information conforms with all of the criteria for being property.