PRIVATE LAW
Year:2016 | Volume:4 | Issue:13 |Papers Count:6

Articles 5 and 7-11 of the Civil Procedure Code have been influenced by Islamic jurisprudence. Articles 7-11 did not exist in the previous version of the Civil Procedure Code. In Islamic jurisprudence, these and other issues are regarded as conditions for hearing the dispute. Iranian legislator has, however, treated theses issues as objections and obstacles to hearing the dispute. In the event of lacking these conditions, the dispute cannot be heard and the court must issue an order for not hearing the case. This is contrasted with a declined order. The aim of this article is to examine the conditions for a dispute to be heard in Islamic jurisprudence and compare Iranian Civil Procedure Code with French law.

Nowadays, grant-back clauses are one of the most important conditions in patent licensing agreements. These conditions have beneficial impact on competition and anti-competitive behaviour that require special attention by competition law. In America, the provisions that were previously considered illegal are now assessed in accordance with rational criteria and as a part of the contracts. The illegality of these provisions may lead to the illegality of the contract. In Europe, only exclusive grant-backs are subject to an individual assessment, and not as a part of more global contract. Other conditions of the contract are exempt from general prohibition considered in Article 101 of European Treaty. In Iranian law, these provisions are new issues which can be justified by the concept of reasonableness and the general rules of contracts. This condition does not specifically mention in General Policies of Implementation of Article 44 of the Constitution. It is forbidden if it is regarded as an unfair term or as an abusive of dominant economic conditions.

Nowadays, one of the new methods for treatment of infertility from legal and medical perspectives is surrogacy, which has been considered more than forms of assistive reproductive. This method makes fertility possible for women who don’t have a normal pregnancy for whatever reason and give this chance to them to do it by surrogacy. One of the issues raised in this regard is parentage and the main question is who the child’s parents are? Intended parents or surrogate? According to Iranian law, the child belongs to owners of sperm and eggs. In the U.S. there are, however, different laws from one state to another. Some states consider the issue only on the basis of benefit and best interests of child. However, others believe that the child belongs to surrogate, and some other countries propose a solution by obtaining a pre-birth parentage order, which regards the child as belongs to intended parents.

Tourism is the third largest generator of jobs and investment industry after oil and automotive industries. Tourism industry is among new domains which is being supported through the body of intellectual property rights in terms of literary and artistic property as well as industrial property. Nowadays, various issues relating to intellectual property in the tourism industry can develop this sector and attract more tourists. Therefore, considering these issues as traditional cultural expression (folklore), architecture works, geographical indications and trademarks has been very common and popular. Like other industries, tourism has related goods and services. It also has a lot of major and various factors influencing this industry. These factors might be based on attractiveness and competitiveness. (Such as brands tourist destinations). This paper attempts to answer these questions: What is the role of intellectual property rights in protection and competitiveness of the tourism industry? Can this legal regime provide opportunities and adequate protection measures to increase productivity and fair competition for stakeholders in the industry? To answer these questions, this article analyses the capacities of the existing intellectual property system in the framework of folklore, architecture works, geographical indication, and collective marks in order to protecting artistic and cultural tourism, agricultural (rural) tourism and health tourism as well as development of tourism destination brand.

In Iranian Civil Law. like in Islamic Jurisprudence, in addition to puberty, the maturity is necessary in order to have capacity for carrying out transaction. The age of puberty is defined in jurisprudence; however, there is no specific age of maturity. Before the revolution in Iran, Article 1210 of the Civil Code determined the age of 18 as a criterion for maturity. After the Islamic Revolution, this provision changed under the pretext of conformity of the Civil Code with Islamic Jurisprudence. The text of this provision regards the age of puberty as maturity. However, according to note 2, when the maturity can be proved, it is possible to give him his properties. This conflict has led to debate and controversy. In this paper, the "maturity" is considered from jurisprudence perspective and it is concluded: First, the maturity is merely necessary for the possession of financial affairs. Second, there is no consistency between amendments made to Art 1210 and the view of majority in Islamic jurisprudence. Jurists do not accept the "puberty" as a presumption of maturity. Third, the maturity is a common concept and it can be proved conventionally. For the purpose of proving it, there is no need for the decision of court.

In EU and American law, the principle of autonomy has been recognized. For the purpose of unification, Rome 1 Regulation allows parties to choose the law that has no link to the contract. By contrast, in American law, the selected law is required to have a basic or reasonable relationship with the contract. According to Rome 1 Regulation, the chosen law does not affect the application of overriding mandatory provisions of the law of the forum and the law of the performance of the contract. In American law, the chosen law should not be in conflict with public policy of the forum and a fundamental policy of a state which has, substantially, greater interest than the chosen state in relation to the determination of a particular issue. This article examines the positions of European Union and American law regarding the determination of applicable law.