ARABIC LITERATURE (FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES)
Year:2023 | Volume:14 | Issue:4|Papers Count:7

There are novels and stories hoarding literally inter-textuality which make the reader go back to traditional texts, to the author himself, or to other authors, especially when the author himself appears in the narrative text. This seems to be hard and the text should be studied according to the meta-narrative basis to discover what's before and after the text and also the meta-text and criticizing the narrative text. One of the Arab novelists that significantly focused on writing meta-narrative texts with its different levels is the Sudani's writer Amir Taj Alser especially in his two works: larvae hunter" and "the weather" in which the incidents, characters, body, and themes are clear that the reader thinks these two are one novel or the second is completing the first. This study is based on inter-textual comparison between the two novels in order to discovery the metanarration of narrators, intrigue and characters. While analyzing it appears that Amir Taj Alser was well informed of the meta-narrative text in his two novels. We mainly concluded that the novel " larvae hunter" is a pretext and it is completed by the meta-narrative technique of the novel " the weather" as a way to connect the themes and structural models used in both novels. This is a descriptive analytical study and from the features of it is going back to the previous text as a comparative study or intertextuality.

Grimas is considered the pioneer of the Paris Semiotic School and one of its most famous theorists who built the most important narrative theory, through which he was able to transcend the traditional concept of personality. Grimas touched on the concept of the factor in his theory, which was called the factorial model, which is a model for analyzing narratives and is linked to narrative texts and works to embody the path of characters and control functions and actions. The factor means everything that has an impact on the growth and development of events, whether it is a human figure, an inanimate object, an animal, an idea, or something that has a moving and influential force within the world of the narrative text. The factorial model is also based on six factors: the subject, the subject, the sender, the addressee, the helper, and the opponent. These factors come in three relationships: desire, communication, and conflict. The focus of this study on a narrative text is the anecdotal collection Grapes of Thirst by the Lebanese writer Ali Hijazi, which sheds light, according to the descriptive analytical method, on the culture of resistance in Arab society. The Israelis, however, remained a steadfast people that did not fear the enemy and did not surrender to it. This study aims to show the success and efficiency of the factorial model in its applicability to group stories. One of the most important results we have reached is that the factor can consist of several actors, as in the story of Al-Hujair and the university student lecturing as a martyr about the culture of life. There are material objects that played different global roles, such as the camera, the plane, the disappearance of the resistance fighters, and Abu Shakib's car. The factorial model is a narrative technique for studying the actors that drive events and their development and includes three relationships: desire, communication, and conflict.

Symbolic interaction theory studies the activities of persons in dealing with social phenomena. One of the main themes of this theory is the study of personality development on the basis of individual actions. The founders of this theory believed that behavioral analysis should be based on "social action" because the personality of the individual or himself is formed in communication with society. Based on this theory, the present article divided the personality of women, their dynamics, and gender roles in fictional literature. To reach this purpose, the four components of self-concept, behavioral Characteristics, connection patterns, and Position in the hierarchy of power were used to analyze the main characters in two novels. The research adopted the method of qualitative content analysis with a comparative approach to the societies of Iran and Kuwait and the units of analysis are two novels by Shahrnoush Parsipoor (The Dog and the Long Winter) and Fatima Yousef Al-Ali (Faces in the crowd). To this end, the feminist characters in these stories are divided into three character groups: traditional, transitional, and modern women to analyze women's actions on the basis of the roles they play in society. The results of the study show that the two main characters in these two novels belong to the group of modern women according to the mentioned components. They refuse to accept sexual suitability in society and seek to redefine sexuality and all concepts related to it. These fictional and inspiring characters also see themselves as capable women who use their abilities to achieve the ideal of equality and the realization of their rights. They have characteristics such as: non-functional, tradition-breaking, sexually active, brave, etc., and follow a set of female and male communication patterns. According to this study, women who do not have purely feminine characteristics or follow communication patterns and consider themselves to be personal are in the group of modern women.

Predictive literature is the literature study literary texts that predict an event from adventures at future and it may be satisfying or upsetting. These texts were originally about religious rites, but then it found its place in literature and especially in resistance literature. Resistance literature uses different methods to get a few steps closer to its purposes, among these methods is to look to the future and predict a better tomorrow in the shadow of which the aspirations of the resistance movement will be fulfilled. Samih Al-qasem and Abullah Pashiv have poems in which they predict bright future and full of hope for resistance movement because next generations will emerge and decide a new destiny. Due to the current miserable situation, the tow poets have been disappointed by past generations and find themselves lost in future generations, a generation that keeps hope alive in the hearts and announces beautiful days. In this article we have selected three books of poetry books of tow poets that entitled "Aghani-aldorub", "Eram", "Fi entezar taer alrad" by Samih Al-qasem and "12 wane bo mnalan", "bruska chandn", "brakwji" by Abullah Pashiv then examined the descriptive-analytical descriptions of their homogeneities in this predictive perspective. Among the results obtained, the tow poets predict a better tomorrow on that day future generations will fulfill the aspirations of the nation and the poet. This prediction and Forethought is the important part of the poetic style of the tow poets and through it, they show their literary and technical abilities.

Rashad Abushawar, as a Palestinian novelist who was cruel to the pain of the Palestinians and suffered under the yoke of the Israeli occupation, spared no effort in the struggle and struggle against the other, the occupying Israeli enemy. In it, the other who occupied the land of the Palestinian homeland and sought to destroy, ruin, demolish and remove the identity of the ego and draw the angles of this violent bloody conflict between them and the funeral scenes that occurred as a result of this dialectical relationship. On the other hand, this ego did not see a solution to defend its identity and land, no matter what and wherever it was, so it seeks to know the other, but by knowing itself first and then removing the sins from the other and his nature. These fanatics are manifested in Palestinian personalities who have been deprived of all their basic rights and are struggling to get out of the yoke of the occupying Other as they exert their efforts for freedom and independence and are martyred in this way, while the other is begging for all ways such as falsifying history, reversing the facts and creating propaganda that have no basis in money. To prove his rights and claims. This article seeks to study the dialectic of the ego and the other in Rashad Abushawar’, s novel The al-Ushshaq, according to the descriptive-analytical approach, and it is a relationship of conflict and clash that the recipient realizes from reading the title, which is the “, al-Ushshaq”,of the land of Palestine who played the role of the ego in struggle against the other who deprived them of their rights. This title refers directly to The occurrence of an inevitable clash between the ego and the other, and some results indicate that the novelist painted a negative image of the Israeli other and all those who supported and sided with him in the occupation of the Palestinian homeland. Desirable for the Palestinian ego cooperating with the occupying other.

The poet's strategy before the speech helps him to plan the speech and arrange the words and phrases. This strategy is divided into direct and indirect prayer. In fact, the indirect strategy, which refers to the implicit and non-obvious discourse, is chosen according to the conditions and objectives of the discourse, and it has different tools, which analogy is one of these tools. This research aims to investigate the strategy Hejaz in creating simils images that he used to express the issues of society. And since the examination of these images based on this point of view requires paying attention to the external context of the discourse along with the internal context, so it can be said that the best method for this research is the method of language usage, which, in addition to paying attention to the internal factors of the discourse, also to the external factors has attention. This research has reached results, the most important of which are: There is a close relationship between the society in which the poet lives and the similes he used to express the situation of this society. And for this reason, the audience finds out about the poet's social situation by seeing these images. Since the purpose of the poet in using simile was not only to decorate the words and he considered it as a means to express the social situation and related issues, therefore he sought to understand the audience and tried to create comprehensible and convincing simile images and also pay attention to A shared culture with the audience to bring them together with their thoughts. Therefore, it can be said that the poet's indirect strategy is more obvious and direct, Because the purpose of the poet was to communicate with the audience and convey concepts to him.

Children’, s literature is characterized by its orientation to a gradual age stage, as it writes language, style and logic that commensurate with the abilities and perceptions of children and does not exceed their age stages. Its beginnings appeared in Europe in the late Middle Ages. But this literature was delayed in its appearance in Palestine, and it was in the form of individual initiatives, where writers devoted themselves to writing national songs for children. It revolved around three axes: the national conflict, criticism of reality, and the restoration of history. Mahmoud Shukair is considered one of the most prominent writers affiliated with realism, especially when the local conditions in Palestinian society matured, which led to the dominance of the realist trend in the Palestinian novel. His writing became an objective extension of the real-life story, in its connection with the Palestinian child's concerns and suffering. Some of his novels were a reality full of creativity, such as "I and Jumana, " "Maryam's Words" and "Dreams of the Skinny Boy". The third form in the stories is "fantasy, " which is represented in the way the writer seeks to stimulate and stimulate the imagination of the child and is embodied in the child's dream of transcending the time and spatial limits…,to fly into a new reality. We have come to the conclusion that his fictional production depicts reality, and conveys it faithfully, to expose it and then to change it with his new means, such as fantasy and symbol. This is what distinguishes Shukair in his narrative construction. We have sensed solutions and proposals that call for changing the reality, this in itself is positive in the narrative construction, and is in harmony with the realists’,positions, values and calls to criticize and change reality.