GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
Year:2017 | Volume:26 | Issue:103 |Papers Count:16

1. Introduction During the recent years, advances in data collection and management technology, have led to the creation of very large databases. In contrast to other data such as numbers and strings, raster data are considered as complicated and contain special characteristics so that, they are classified as “big data”. Due to the nature of spatial analysis queries, the need arises to aggregate or summarize a large portions of the data to be analyzed. The main issue in the database era is the efficient query processing so that users do not spend long time for retrieving the requests. Traditional query processes return exact answers, however, the answers take more time than what is needed in real time systems. It is notable that sometimes the query running time is much more important than the accuracy, specially, in real time services. AQP (Approximate Query Processing) is an alternative method for query processing in time – consuming environments that enables the system to provide fast approximated answers. One of the most significant applications of AQP is query optimization. AQP may play a valuable role in increasing the speed of spatial queries facing robust and complicated data. It is also an efficient method for recognizing the needed data and subsequently minimizing the cost of aggregation queries. Since 1980s, utilizing the approximation methods have been initiated for decision support systems. Also, AQP has been noticed to address some problems in database era during the past decade. The current technics in various research frontiers are only useful for relational database systems (Azevedo, et al., 2007). The main idea behind in-database processing is the elimination of big data sets transmission to disjointed programs. Since, in-database processing that all analysis are implemented into database, it offers fast implementation, scalability and security. Hence, In-Database processing improves the computer network productivity and participates in well-suited designing of fast response queries.2. Methodology The current research aims at comparing traditional and optimized Sum aggregation operation to decrease the running time of spatial queries into PostgreSQL database. To undertake the research, 60 precipitation rasters have been used. The study area is located in Lorestan province and precipitation gauging stations were used as primary data. Raster data have been created from monthly precipitation data for the period of 2010-2014 using Kriging interpolation method and entered into PostgreSQL database using Raster2pgSQl extension. Then, raster pixels are stored into their related tables. In optimized aggregation method, firstly, raster data are clustered by the written similarity function. The used functions have been written by PL/pgSQL language in PostGIS. The execution steps of Sum function are as the following: creating the similarity function, performing the function, running the optimized query and consequently, resulting the approximated query respectively. Subsequently, one raster is selected from each cluster and it is multiplied by the number of rasters belonging to the given cluster. The resulted raster is entered to Sum function as the representative of the cluster. In each cluster, the number of implemented arithmetic operations is reduced as the following formula: (number of rasters in the cluster-1) *rows*columns of the given raster). Using the mentioned method, the number of arithmetic operations is significantly reduced and prepares the fast approximate answers. Finally, for accuracy assessment, the error of each method was approximated by calculating mean relative error, DI (difference indicator) error and relative error for each raster. Finally, the achieved results were analyzed. It is mentionable that the user may make a decision whether the resulted accuracy is acceptable for a particular project or an exact query has to be executed.3. Results and discussion In this research, to compare the traditional and optimized Sum function, five scenarios have been implemented. The results show that the optimized Sum function is 27.2 times faster than the traditional function. The average difference of pixel values between the traditional and optimized one is 0.028. Consequently, the query running time for the optimized and traditional Sum is 7.754 and 211 seconds respectively, which implies the efficiency of the used method (optimized Sum). It is notable that the accuracy of the optimized method depends on the nature and homogeneity or heterogeneity of the used rasters. The valuable decreasing of the in-database spatial query running time may be used to offer real time web-based services such as meteorology, traffic, etc., which need real time analysis and fast retrieving responses.

Today, ubiquitous Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) has been growing to become the recent generation of GIS. In this generation of GIS, servicing capabilities to any user, at any time, in any location, using any devices, andin any conditions, are provided. Advances in Information Technology (IT) industry have led to the advent of low-cost three dimensional data acquisition technologies (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) that changes the approaches of current generation of GIS. One of the important matters in different generation of GIS is 3D spatial relations extraction.3D topological extraction used more in GIS, is done based on the data models in different generations of GIS. There are some deficiencies and limitations in current data models such as the lack of high interoperability between the user and the environment, lack of visualizing 3D objects relationships with each other and inconsistency between 3D objects and their primitives, while in ubiquitous generation of GIS by using different sensors and infrastructures in the environment, these deficiencies are improved. In this article, for extracting 3D topological relations in current GIS data models, the methodology of object-oriented procedure and simulation of different objects like sphere and pyramid are done. By the way, for the ubiquitous generation of GIS, by using smart Kinect sensor, extraction of 3D topological relations is done for a building prototype. Information Technology (IT) has faced achange in its earliest style of merely making an interaction between the users and the environment within a computer. Nowadays, a new era has arrived at which people can communicate with their environment through embedded sensors on the basis of ubiquitous computing. With the advent of novel technologies of three dimensional information acquisition from the environment, a revolution in the ubiquitous computing has occurred which remarkably broadens its capabilities. One of these technologies is the use of Microsoft Kinect smartsensor to acquire the depth information in any location and at any time. One of the requirements of Ubiquitous GIS is the use of these sensors capabilities in the extraction of spatial relations that empower us with some spatial analysis. The purpose of this article is the comparison of approaches to extracting 3D topological relations based on the data models used in different generations of GIS. The use of anappropriate spatial data model for ubiquitous computing makes the extraction of spatial relations at any time and in any location possible as a service for the users. Topological relations are considered an important property of spatial objects, and are fundamental to spatial analyses and query-based processing. As the information collected by Kinect is in the form of 3D point clouds, the extraction of three dimensional topological relations is feasible. The spatial analyses describe the topological relations based on some predefined models which are generated at the same time with the process of modeling the objects. In this study, based on a ubiquitous data model and using Kinect as asensor utilized in ubiquitous computing to enhance the interactivity between users and the environment and to acquire 3D information andto extract topological relations. The proposed data model, termed Ubiquitous GIS Data Model (UGDM), is able to support various spatial relations in a metric or non-metric manner. UGDM well supports various spatial relations, including directional, distance-based, projection, and topological relations. The extraction of eight topological relations via different sensors is among the capabilities of this data model. The results of this article for provided data indicate the difference between the generations of GIS to extract topological relations, and more interactions between user and environment in ubiquitous generation of GIS by different sensors. The extraction of spatial relations between objects provides us with substantial information about their surrounding environment. Directional, distance based and also topological relations are some instances of spatial relations. The used methodology in this paper according to the ubiquitous GIS generation starts with the acquisition of information in the form of point clouds. Then topological information like algebraic topology and point set topology are extracted. Providing a ubiquitous data model for extracting 3D topological relations based on different sensors and infrastructure enhances the interaction between the user and the environment. This capability in the presented data model shows the lack of interoperability in the current data models. Providing a language for presented data model in this article is the paper future goal.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is one of the main geographical data models which forms the basis of the different spatial analysis. DEM is known as fundamental data for many model ingtasks. Nowadays, the result validation of GIS spatial analysis, hasbecome a major challenge in the world of GIS. Thequality of a DEM is dependent upon a number of interrelated factors, including the methods of data acquisition, the nature of the input data, and the methods employed in generating the DEMs. Analysis of uncertainty in different fields, due to data quality and related issues such as error, uncertainty models, error propagation, error elimination and uncertainties in the data, are felt more than any other times. Of all these factors, data acquisitionis the most critical one. Previous studies on DEM data acquisition have focused either on examination of generation method (s), or on case studies of accuracy testing. These studies are not adequate, however, for the purpose of understanding uncertainty (an indicator used to approximate the discrepancy between geographic data and the geographic reality that these data intend to represent) associated with DEM data and thepropagation of this uncertainty through GIS based analyses. The development of strategies for identifying, quantifying, tracking, reducing, visualizing, and reporting uncertainty in DEM data are called for by the GIS community. In order to apply uncertainty analysis on DEMs, this study aimed to evaluate the error rate and uncertainty of elevation data obtained from SRTM and ASTER satellites. The objectives of this study are: (1) to understand the sources and reasons for uncertainty in DEMs produced by cartographic digitizing; (2) to develop methods for quantifying the uncertainty of DEMs using distributional measures and (3) to measure the uncertainty associated with DEMs and minimize the chances of error by means of optimizing models. Quantifying uncertaintyin DEMs requires comparison of the original elevations (e.g. elevations read from topographic maps) with the elevations in aDEM surface. Such a comparison results in height differences (orresiduals) at the tested points. To analyze the pattern of deviation between two sets of elevation data, conventional ways areto yield statistical expressions of the accuracy, such as the root mean square error, standard deviation, and mean. In fact, all statistical measures that are effective for describing a frequency distribution, including central tendency and dispersion measures, may be used, as long asvarious assumptions for specific methods are satisfied. Our research methodology includes several steps. The first step was, using the statistical indices ME, STD and RMSE, the error rate of DTMs for obtaining the chances of error in ach model. It has to be mentioned that the main attraction of the RMSElies in its easy computation and straightforward concept. However, this indexis essentially a single global measure of deviations, thus incapable of accounting for spatial variation of errors over the interpolated surface. Inorder to obtain more accurate results, then uncertainty of data errors was also simulated by Monte Carlo method and error propagation pattern was extracted by interpolation of results. The results of this step show that, the DEM derived from pairstereo ASTER despite having better spatial resolution, included more errors and practically lacking the details of DTM 30 meters. Finally, removing the error propagation pattern from DEMs, the secondary DEM was produced. By recalculating indicators describing the error and comparing these values with the initial values, the results indicate that, both DEMs show more accuracy after eliminating the error propagation pattern. TPI Index was used to determine the location of basin topography and the basin is divided into 6 classes and error rate in each class was calculated before and after the simulation. The results showed that, the error ratesin all classes before and after the simulation in both Dems were reduced. In terms of uncertainty analysis methods for DEMs, results of our research indicated that the RMSE methods alone is not sufficient for quantifying DEM uncertainty, because this measure rarely addresses the issue of distributional accuracy. To fully understand and quantify the DEM uncertainty, spatial accuracy measures, such as accuracy surfaces, indices for spatial autocorrelation, and variograms, should be used. Results also indicated that Monet Carlo simulation is indeed sufficient methods forsimulation error in DEMs. Results of this research are of great importance for uncertainty analysis in domain of Geosciences andcan be used for improving the accuracy of modeling in avariety of applications.

Introduction Precipitation is one of the vital climatic parameters that plays a major role in human life. Therefore, the impact of Precipitation in occurrence or non-occurrence of droughts and dry spells have been very effective. Identification and extraction length of dry spells in arid and semi-arid regions are very important. According to the most recent climate classification that has been done, about 90 percent of the areas of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid climate, and more than 40 percent are facing a severe water crisis. Therefore, understanding the behavioral mechanisms of dry spells have a great significance in arid and semi-arid areas like Iran, especially with the pose of the phenomenon of climate change that caused the worsening dryness and desertification in some of the regions. Many researches simulated dry spells with climate change approach and use of the output of AOGCM models. Researches in this category are in less numbers, but the most recent research has been done by the authors (hashmy titles et al., 2015), investigating and modeling the length of dry spells in the Southwestern area of Iran. The aim of this research is to examine the Validation of AOGCMs Capabilities for Simulation Length of Dry Spells under the Climate Change and Uncertainty in Iran Materials & Methods According to the aim of this research, we used two databases in this study. The first database involves collecting and analyzing all data base information (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall and sunshine) on a daily scale in 234 synoptic stations (with different statistical period). But the format for the data station and point during the period of statistical modeling was needed for more than 30 years, which has a large statistical defects were excluded, and finally 45 synoptic stations that have favorable conditions (the maximum area coverage and continuous and reliable data) were selected for the final processing of the first data base. The period of 1981-2010 was used as the base period. The second database contains data provided by version 5 models (LARS-WG) and on emission scenarios (B1, A1B, A2) from AOGCM models for the 2050s to be downscaled. In fact, this data is the first data base (minimum temperature, maximum, precipitation and sunshine) prepared based on the format models for analysis and predicting climate change, after downscaling it. Because this research was based on study and extraction length of dry spells in the range of long-term with the approach to climate change, so the methodology is based on several stages. At first, verification (validation) of LARS-WG, to ensure efficiency in the process model simulation will be discussed. Then the performance and capabilities of 15 AOGCM models in the new version of Lars-wg will be assessed. At the end, the precipitation threshold is defined and extraction of the longest length of dry spells and comparing it with the maximum length of the dry spells will be simulated.Results & Discussion After calibrating the model of statistical properties (comparison tests T, F and P values (decision criteria), all stations were used to confirm the validity of the model. The results of this calibration indicate that in more than 96% of the stations, for the minimum and maximum temperature and sunshine model, show high accuracy (results of error in Dezful and Gorgan stations were greater). In all of these stations like Abadan station, variables significant (P-value) were at./05. It is acceptable that the data generated is random. Considering the bias error, at more than 95 percent of stations there were very good agreements between the observed and modeling data (for every 4 variables). Based on the principles of (1 to 3), and using statistical methods and indicators, the AOGCM models to simulate and extract during dry spells were examined and it was found that two models (Hadcm3 and GFDL-CM2.1) had maximum performance (correlation) and the lowest error in estimating for simulation data precipitation. The model (INM-CM3 and NCPCM) have least amount of correlation and efficiency. To estimate the maximum length of dry spells Hadcm3 results were used under scenario (A2 and B1) for the decade 2050 and the use of the results of other models was skipped in this research. Maximum dry spells in Iran comply with dryness condition in central and eastern areas. So that the country could be on the threshold of./1 mm divided into 6 orbital regions of the northern circuit during the period of 37 days (in Rasht station) minimum and 351-day observation period in Southeastern Chabahar stations. The values show that the threshold of./1 mm at more than 65 percent of the area’s dry spells over 7 months there was no rain on them yet. With a threshold of 5 mm needs maximum length of dry spells that lasted about a year with 364 days in Yazd station. That is roughly the size of 5 mm precipitation a year not registered at this station.Conclusion Modeling dry spells by computing scenarios of climate change and taking into consideration uncertain resources at the AOGCM models output, showed that based on the worst-case scenario (A2), and the most critical situation (2080), the average temperature of the country has increased 2.7 degrees (oC) and Despite increased precipitation in some Stations, the average rainfall is facing a 33% reduction in the whole country. According to the most optimistic scenario (B1), the average temperature of the country is increasing by 1.4 (oC) and the precipitation is decreasing by 14% in relation to the observation period. The results of the uncertainty examination for dry spells in Iran showed that in both 2050s and 2080s and based on all three scenarios (B1, A1B, A2), length of dry spells increases in all areas of Iran. Most of the changes in length of dry spells belong to the northwestern areas of Iran (Urmia, Khoy, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Lorestan).

Introduction Disasters such as earthquakes have always been a serious threat to human life in urban environments. People have always sought to reduce the financial and human damages caused by such disasters. Large scale earthquakes and rapid changes in the environment make the people unable to deliver the optimal solution to save lives and minimize damages. The earthquake has destroyed streets, roads and other infrastructures, and also causes fire. Fires which are started by earthquake, destroy homes in the city. During different periods of time, earthquake damages on Iranian society in social and economic fields are clear, therefore, dealing with the crisis in the form of a proper management and optimization is absolutely necessary. Complicated access to the earthquake-stricken areas, is always along with the difficulty of the rescue operations. Management structures can only overcome the prevailing political situation in these difficult circumstances that the acceptable level of cohesion and flexibility are paramount. The importance of intelligent systems that can help rescue the human species is very obvious.Materials & Methods Agent-based Modeling (ABM) is a new approach to the development of simulation tools for complex phenomena in different areas such as natural disasters, biological studies, and earthquake rescue. This paper presents a simulation system for the search and rescue (SAR) operation using Geospatial Information System (GIS), multi-agent systems (MAS) and the concept of integration for dynamic task allocation. Due to the flexibility of the agent based systems and the possibility of combining space and time, MASs can be a powerful tool in the simulation of rescue operations and strategic management issues. These systems can simulate all factors in earthquakes such as people, robots, helicopters, and vehicles to communicate and cooperate with each other to solve the distributed problems. In several studies, the high capability of using agent-based Modeling structures to model human behavior as a part of an environment to coordinate the rescue operation is referenced. The use of the agent-based Modeling and the possibility of combining flexibility with respect to location and time of the simulation can be a powerful tool in their search and rescue operations and strategic management issues. There are many reasons to use multi-agent systems to manage the crisis. Multi agent systems make it possible to simulate the demolition of buildings and homes, the fire, firefighters' activities, urban infrastructure damages, injured and displaced, and the victims, so they can find optimal strategies for search and rescue operations in large-scale accidents and crisis management performance in which multi-factor systems are used. Multi-agent systems are allowed to participate in environment to cooperate or compete with the environment. Multi-agent systems are targeted complex systems with an emphasis on the interaction between agents. They can break complex systems into sub-systems and other simple factors in environments. Various studies have stated that MASs possess high potentials for natural disaster management, from rescue operation to locating the positions of injured persons. The main object of this paper is to use multi-agent systems to simulate activities and increase the efficiency of rescue groups. This research tries to offer a way to find relationship between the number of search agents and rescue agents with regard to the maximum number of surviving people. This system can be used for managing and decision-making before the earthquake.Results & Discussion Evaluation of the developed system took place in a part of Region 3 in Tehran. The proposed system consists of three parts: 1) Modeling environment and working groups with the use of GIS, analysis of the search operation by multi-factor system and visualization of the results. Therefore, environment has been modelled using spatial data, and the amount of space that each agent must search, is assigned for each agent.2) Then, each of the search agents uses the ant colony algorithm for sequencing tasks in order to find a near-optimal solutions to look for environment.3) The injuries that are found by search agents are assigned to rescue agents through net contract and then operation is executed.Conclusion The Result of this research is shown in the form of a diagram which highlights the relationship between the number of search agents and release agents (according to the number of survivors, and is done). The result offers a model in finding the number of people needed for rescue operations in different parts of the city.

Aerosols are small (sub-micron to several microns) suspended particles in the solid or liquid phase in the atmosphere. The main origins of aerosols are natural and anthropogenic. They can be directly emitted as particles (primary aerosols) into the atmosphere namely, mineral aerosol, sea salt, volcanic eruptions, organic aerosols, industrial dust, soot, biomass burning, etc. They can also be the result of chemical reactions (secondary aerosols) namely, sulfates from biogenic gases or volcanic and nitrates from transportation and diffusion of aerosol particles from the source region depend on wind vector and wind strength. Aerosols are ever present and highly varying constituents of our atmosphere. They play roles in many physical and chemical processes that shape the composition of the atmosphere and thereby affect cloud formation, visibility, and air quality. They interact both directly and indirectly with radiation and thus affect the amount of radiative energy reaching the surface and reflected to space. The shortwave part of the radiative energy at the surface (insolation) is an important component of the surface energy budget, and a necessary input to models of land-surface processes. Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) is calculated by measuring light absorption at specific wavelengths of the visible spectrum. For the most widely used AOT data product, the absorption at 550 nm is the preferred wavelength for measurement (In the visible spectrum, humans perceive a light wavelength measuring 550 nm as a shade of green). AOT is a dimensionless quantity, expressing the negative logarithm of the fraction of radiation (e.g., light) that is not scattered or absorbed on a path. High AOT indicates a large quantity of aerosols, and thus a significant amount of absorption and scattering of radiation (i.e., light). Low AOT indicates clearer air with fewer aerosols and increased transmission of radiation. Increasing aerosol concentrations can thus affect global temperature and the radiation balance of the globe by reducing the amount of radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, and that reduction can result in lower air temperatures. Penetration of the large particles into the atmosphere in certain cases leads to decreasing the particles mobility and then dropping the conductivity, which will increase the electric field but aerosol measurements in the seismically active zones are more complicated due to the mosaic character of the gas emanation in the seismic zones and the uncertainty of aerosol origin in gas probes. Some remote sensing satellites due to their suitable temporal, spatial and spectral resolutions provide useful information of time and spatial distributions of Aerosols. This leads to creating an appropriate database for statistical study of the seismic atmospheric effects. The AOD measurement is taken by the MODIS sun-synchronous instrument onboard Terra and Aqua satellites every day. The satellites provide more continuous coverage nearer to the poles but there are more gaps in the coverage of the satellite nearer to the equator. AOT can be determined by implementing different methods on satellite images, but it is a difficult task to achieve it because solar lights are reflected by the atmosphere and the whole solar lights do not hit the ground. The most famous methods used to derive aerosol parameters are Dark Dense Vegetation (DDV), deep blue algorithm and synergy of Terra and Aqua MODIS (SYNTAM). SYNTAM approach can remove limitations in deriving AOT by combining data from two sensors of MODIS of TERRA and AQUA satellites and this method gives the right results. In this study, SYNTAM method has been applied over a region of Iran to produce an AOT map. The comparison between our results and NASA AOT products for the same time and location shows a good agreement. The result of comparing NASA data and SYNTAM approach with Newton iteration algorithm for the wavelength of 0.55 mm, gives the RMSE equal to 0.253. Therefore SYNTAM could be a robust method to derive AOT map over regions without AERONET ground stations. In the next section, SYNTAM method was combined with nonlinear parametric adjustment model. In this case, the results are more accurate than implementation of SYNTAM method alone. The result of comparing NASA data and SYNTAM approach with nonlinear parametric adjustment model for the wavelength of 0.55 µm, gives the RMSE equal to 0.207.

Road accidents and casualties are one of the main causes of death worldwide, which has imposed a lot of economic costs on the economies of the countries. Four human, vehicle, road and environment factors are involved in the road accidents, among which, the environmental and climatic factors account for a significant share. The components of "frost, humidity and temperature" are among the most effective climatic factors that play a major role in road accidents. Therefore, the present study has been conducted to analyze the distribution of road accidents leading to death with climatic approach in different seasons of the year using Geographic Information System (GIS) in Ardabil province. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Since the crash is a spatial phenomenon and Arc GIS analyses are also location-based, GIS and Kriging's interpolation method have been used for analysis. In this research, road accidents in Ardebil province in different seasons of the year and considering the climatic factors of freezing, temperature and humidity in the time period from 1389 to 1393 have been studied. The results of this study show that out of 762 accidents, 35% happened in summer, 25.75% in the spring, 24.55% in autumn and 14.7% in winter. The comparison of the diagram of accidents leading to deaths based on the months of the year, with the diagram of days of frost in Ardebil province indicates that road accidents in Ardebil province during the freezing months are lower due to the reduced traffic of tourists' vehicles compared to non-frosty months. Most of the accidents have occurred with a moisture content of 69-72% in terms of humidity, and at very low temperatures of 8 degrees Celsius and very high temperature of 16 degrees Celsius in terms of temperature.

Topography is a factor controlling the spatial distribution of soil moisture, vegetation, soil salinity, soil texture and so on. It has an important role in changing the characteristics of the soil and hydrological processes. In recent years the topography have been used as an important factor for predicting the properties of soil, climate, geology, etc. According to the importance of topography to extract different information, use of satellite images with high spatial resolution seems very necessary. Digital elevation models (DEM) have become a widely used tool and product in the last 20 years. They provide a snapshot of the landscape and landscape features while also providing elevation values. They have allowed us to better visualize and interrogate topographic features. In addition to increasing the spatial resolution, information of the digital elevation model (DEM) that is the most important issues in quantitative geomorphology have increased. In order to increase the spatial resolution several models have been proposed. Among the models, the attraction model as the newest model has very high accuracy. The sub-pixel attraction models convert the pixel towards sub-pixels based on the fraction values in neighboring pixels that can be attracted only by central pixel. Based on this approach only a maximum of eight neighboring pixels can be selected for the attraction. In the model, other pixels are supposed to be far from the central pixel to have any attraction. In this study by using sub-pixel attraction model, the spatial resolution of digital elevation models (DEM) was increased (Sub-pixel mapping technology is apromising method of increasing the spatial resolution of the classification results derived from remote sensing imagery). The design of the algorithm is accomplished by using digital elevation model (DEM) with spatial resolution of 30 m (Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)) and 90 m (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)). This study was carried out in the East Mount Sahand, Iran is located at the longitude of N 37° 31َto 37° 30 and latitude of E 45° 55َto 45° 58َ.It is expected that using attraction model increasesthe spatial resolution of DEM. The attraction model does not need any calibration and training similar to the machine learning algorithms. So, to run the algorithm in the model, the computing time was reduced. In attraction model, scale factors of (2, 3 and 4) with two neighboring methods of touching and quadrant are applied to DEMs using Matlab software and then using RMSE (Root mean square error), determined the best model. The algorithm is evaluated using 2118 sample points that aremeasured by surveyors. As the result of Root mean square error (RMSE), it showed that the spatial attraction model with scale factor of (S=2 and T=2) for digital elevation model (DEM) 30m and digital elevation model (DEM) 90mgives better results compared to scale factors that are greater than 2 and also touching neighborhood method proved to be more accurate than quadrant. In fact, subtracting each pixel tomore than two sub-pixels caused to decrease the accuracy of resulted DEM which makes the value ofroot mean square error (RMSE) to increase and showed that attraction models could not be used for S which is greater than 2. So, according to the results, it is suggested that themodel to be used for increasing spatial resolution of DEM in the studies catchment. Comparing the digital elevation model (DEM) as inputs in the attraction models determined that digital elevation model (DEM) 30 m (root mean square error<5.54) has better spatial resolution than digital elevation model (DEM) 90 m (root mean square error=9.13) to find the best model for increasing spatial resolution. The results showed that by using the method, the spatial resolution of digital elevation model (DEM) with lower time and cost could be increased. Digital elevation model (DEM) map with high resolution as a base can be used for finding more information from the Earth surface. For different study such as amount of vegetation, temperature, rainfall and hydrological status the results of sub-pixel attractions on digital elevation model (DEM) can be used and more details of study area could be found. Therefore, it is suggested that the same researches should be done in other areas with different topographic and geographical conditions in order to confirm the results of this study.

Introduction The climatic conditions of each site play an important role in the dispersion of humans, animals and plants. Therefore, any activity or planning in different economic, agricultural and industrial fields at the ground level is not feasible without the knowledge of the climate. For this reason, climatic zoning and recognition of the most important factors and factors affecting each area is one of the ways of recognizing the climatic identity of the area. Lack of knowledge of the sub-regions of the country fails to meet the economic and agricultural plans of mankind. In general, the climate of a region is the average of the weather conditions in the region. Access to the average weather conditions in a specific location requires long-term weather information. Data and Methods In order to obtain the correct and comprehensive knowledge of the climate of Hamedan province, climatic zoning was performed with new statistical methods such as factor analysis and cluster analysis during the 20 years period (1993-2013). For this purpose, 23 variables were selected from 8 meteorological stations. Then, using a digital elevation model, a multivariable regression was applied between the meteorological parameters and the digital elevation model. Finally, a zonal matrix with a dimension of 23×88 was obtained. Since the aim of this research was the climate zone of Hamadan province based on altitude, a digital elevation layer (DEM) was used with a resolution of 90 meters. In the following, for climatic zoning, a regression relationship was made between climate parameters and length, width and height of the area. To identify the climatic sub-regions of Hamedan province, the raster data obtained from the zoning were converted to point data. Then, based on the analysis of the main components, the points were analyzed by clustering method and the dominant factors were identified. In this research, the resolution of each of the pixel was 15 × 15 km and a matrix with dimensions of 23×88 was developed. Finally, this matrix was clustered into the MATLAB software using the Ward clustering method.Results and discussion By studying 23 climatic elements, 5 climatic factors were identified and their maps were drawn. These factors include temperature, visibility, rainfall, thunder storm and radiation. Among these factors, the first factor with 37% of the variance of the total data has the most important role in determining the climate diversity of the province. This factor is most commonly observed in the South and Southwest of the province and with moving to the North and Northeast of the province, this factor is severely reduced.Conclusion According to the dendrogram, 6 climatic regions were identified and the characteristics of each separate area were investigated.

Introduction The deployment of every urban element in the position of the body - a particular area of the city - is subjected to certain principles, rules and procedures that, if followed, will ensure the success and effectiveness of that element in the same place, otherwise there will be many problems with the occurrence it does. Therefore, achieving equilibrium in the spatial distribution of resources and services is the main goal of the planners. Considering the importance of locating and its position in various projects, the importance of the location of the fire stations and the direct impact on its model and performance will be determined. Provision of fire station services requires their proper location in order to distribute them appropriately to minimize their financial losses. Locating fire stations and determining the number and location of stations guarantee the safety of citizens in the event of any incident. Due to the high importance of the 3rd district of Isfahan among other areas of the city, attention to safety issues in this context is urgently needed. The 3rd district of Isfahan is the heart of the city which has an ancient heritage. One of the important issues facing urban management is the timely delivery of firefighting during a fire. There was no responsive station in this area. Thus, the need to address the problem of locating and distributing fire stations is of great importance in urban planning. Therefore, the choice of optimal location and appropriate distribution of fire stations will bethe overall goal of this study to increase the safety level.Materials & Methods The present research is a descriptive-analytic research in terms of purpose, and an applied research in terms of the nature and method of the study. Part of the theoretical information was collected through library studies, the use of documents, records and reports. To understand the scope, the studies conducted by the consultant as well as field observations and observations have been used. In the analysis section, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and geospatial mapping model. In this study, at first, the criteria and the sub criteria for determining the location of the fire station were weighed by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) using Expert Choice software, and then, by digitizing the layers in the GIS, each map layer was produced for each of the criteria, and then the layers were overlapped by applying the weights of each layer, and the fire station's optimal locations are proposed.Results & Discussion Among the urban facilities, the construction of fire centers in the area due to the deployment of the old, historical and living Qaiseriyah market, and the lack of emergency exit routes and relief during the fire, as well as the existence of workshops and warehouses connected to the market, it is also important that it should be added to the consequences of other incidents. Therefore, this study was aimed at increasing the level of safety by locating fire stations in Isfahan's region 3using AHP and location model in GIS environment. After normalizing the maps with the Reclassifying tool, and according to the categories at this stage with the Raster Calculator tool, the sum of all generated layers multiplies the values for each layer obtained from AHP and maps of the proposed locations for Fire station was created. Based on the final map (Figure 19), the most suitable optimal points for the fire station were selected based on the criteria analysis. These points of choice have the proper features, including proximity to access level 2, abandoned land, an area of 1500 square meters up, construction density and high population density in the periphery. According to (Fig.19), three-point distances were investigated using the Euclidean Distance tool. On the other hand, according to the existing standard, for every 50, 000 people we need to build a fire station; therefore, in addition to a fire station in the area, it is necessary to deploy another station. Finally, according to the aforementioned maps, by examining the intervals between the existing and proposed fire stations, the final map (Fig.20) is based on the noninterference of the functional radii of 1200 meters of stations relative to each other; the third point was deployed as the optimal and the most common location of the fire station.Conclusion By studying the present situation and field observations of the fire stations in Isfahan's region 3, it has only one center, and according to the volume of utilizations and activities of importance in the region as well as the height of the region with historic monuments at national and international levels, the issue of safety in the context of this region is very important. Therefore, based on the population and region level, the existing fire station does not cover the possibility of service within a 3-5 minute interval throughout the entire area. Considering that the area has organic and intact texture. Based on field observations and existing standards, residents need urban equipment, including fire stations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to locate another fire station based on the region's requirements, standards and indicators. Therefore, effective measures in area 3 including demographic density, availability, consistent use, functional radius, building quality, size of parts, construction density, and user-friendliness were considered. Eventually, considering the 1200 meter radius, the location of the optimal fire station was proposed on Neshat Street.

Introduction An extreme event is an event that rarely occurs in other than normal conditions. Extreme events, stimulate changes in natural and human systems to more than the average climatic conditions (Peterson et al, 2008). Extreme days (veryhot and cold days) have impacts on human and natural systems such as agriculture, ecology, etc. A heat and cold wave is a hot and cold period which lasts from a few days to a few weeks and may be accompanied by high humidity for heat waves, and extreme wind for cold waves. The impacts of heat waves that have occurred in the world are as follows: heart pains, severe shortage of water, heat stroke, rising food prices, power outages, increased natural disasters, outbreaks of insects such as mosquitoes, fire, loss of life and living organisms. Also, frost, frost damages to crops and mortality are the results of the cold waves. By far, there are many studies about this climatic events in the world which have been done for example by Panmao and Xiaohua, 2003, and Peterson et al., 2013. Many studies have confirmed that heat and cold waves are increasing and decreasing respectively in recent years. In Oklahoma, the results of the effects of heat island after a heat wave in the year of 2008 showed that the heat-island at the core of the city is 5 degrees Celsius (during the day) and 2 degrees (during the night) warmer than the rural areas and due to the presence of humidity and heat waves, higher value of heat is generated (Basara et al, 2010). Studies about this extreme events were done also by few meteorologist and climatologist researchers in Iran, for example Lashkari (2009) did the case study of cold wave which took place over Iran from December 11 to 16, 2003. He found that Siberian high pressure and low temperature are responsible for the extreme cold wave (Lashkari, 1387). By far, cold waves and heat waves have not been studied on coastal regions of the Caspian Sea. The objective of this research is to provide a general overview of heat and cold waves in this area. Methodology This research has studied heat and cold wave events using minimum and maximum temperature which was received from Iran meteorological organization. After sorting the data and examining them for selecting threshold, cold waves with 0.02 percentile and heat waves with 0.98 percentile were evaluated during 1961-2010 in Southern coastal regions of the Caspian Sea over five stations namely Bandar- E -Anzali, Rasht, Ramsar, Babolsar and Gorgan. For better interpretation, wave periods were divided into three periods as follows: long-term waves (more than 6 days), medium term waves (3 to 6 days) and short term waves (less than three day). For synoptic analysis, NCEP/NCAR reanaly data including sea surface pressure and geo-potential height at the level of 500 were received from the website with 2.5x2.5 resolution for an area covered from 20 to 70 N and 10 to 80E in this region. All the data were analyzed in GRADS software. Then, all the results were interpreted with respect to warm and cold waves.Results and discussion Overall, the results showed an increasing trend for minimum temperature and a decreasing trend for maximum temperature. Maximum frequency of cold wave have took place in the years of 1963, 1964, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1989, 1991 and2008.But, continuity of the waves is observable in the year of 1964 and 1972. Maximum frequency of heat wave have taken place in 1962, 1966, 1980, 1983, 2000, 2009 and 2010, while continuity of the waves have been recorded in the year of 1966 and 1971. Ramsar station has recorded maximum frequency of both cold and heat waves. Gorgan has recorded minimum frequency of heat waves, while Rasht and Anzali are specified by minimum frequency of cold waves. The synoptic analysis of NCEP/NCAR sea surface pressure and geo-potential height at the level of 500 showed that high pressure in Eastern Europe, Siberian anticyclone, high pressure in Alpine Mountain and low pressure in Ural Mountains caused the cold waves. Low pressure in Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the Persian Gulf have created heat waves.Conclusion So far, no research has been done onheat and cold waves on coastal regions of the Caspian Sea with maritime climate. This research addressed these waves in 1961 to 2010 period, using weather stations and reanalyzed data at five stations with the most comprehensive weather data. Different results were obtained for stations which are linked to synoptic conditions. In addition to weather and NCEP/NCAR data, it is suggested that the use of ERA-interim and satellite data such as MODIS land surface temperature which have different resolution, can be a great help in filling the gaps between stations and improving the obtained results.

Extended abstract Introduction Cities are always influenced by various forces and factors. They are transformed by social changes, demographic displacements, economic changes, and technological innovations. As the population grows, activities and investments are greatly expanded and the physical system of the cities undergoes fundamental changes. Along with the rapid urbanization process, a large amount of natural lands, such as forests and wetlands, has turned into agricultural land and residential areas. Quick land use changes have had profound effects on natural and human environments. For example, agricultural developments and structures lead to deforestation, soil erosion, water basin degradation, and biodiversity loss and pollution. In addition, changes in the use of agricultural land and the acceleration of urbanization have led to an increase in impenetrable levels, which has led to the development of a transport network and the accumulation of non-disturbing contaminations associated with surface runoff. Due to these great effects, the detection and anticipation of land use changes has become an important topic in environmental management and land use planning. At their initial stages of formation, most of the cities in Iran were established near or in the middle of the high-quality agricultural lands with the purpose of using high-quality soil for agriculture and then, these lands were gradually buried under the cities through development of villages and changing into cities and then development of the cities. Accordingly agricultural activities were inevitably receded to the poor lands.Materials & Methods To access fundamental maps for analysis of data and use of different methods to achieve the goal of this study, satellite images related to the years 1987, 2000 and 2010 are used. Topographic maps of 1: 50000 scales obtained from the army geographical organization are used for geometric correction. At this stage, geometric correction was performed on the images using image sensor TM of the year 2010 image-vector, which were geo-referenced. To perform this task, 42ground control points with appropriate distribution in road junctions, water channels, etc. were used. In this research, to process data, make models, and analyze the output, land cover maps produced in the years 1987 and 2014 as inputs of the LCM model, were selected to analyze the changes in the region and predict land use changes in the year 1404. The LCM model requires two maps covering lands belonging to different times as inputs. In this study, Gains and losses, net changes, unchanged regions, transitions from each user to another in different classes of land cover, were mapped to the model analysis section of the model. ENVI, IDRISI Selva and ARCGIS10 were used to categorize the uses of most-probability-models and methods and finally Ca_Markov model was used to predict and calculate changes in 2025, 2035 and 2045.Results & Discussion Multi-temporal images used in this study were used in mapping land cover after geometric corrections. With regard to existing images and maps and the condition of the area under investigation and field visit for mapping land cover, five types of applications are discovered for land namely, residential lands, irrigated lands, rain-fed lands, sterile lands, parks and gardens. Altogether, during this time (27years), agricultural and residential land cover has increased and sterile land and rain-fed land cover has decreased. Agricultural lands consume a huge amount of water due to exploiting water from deep holes and land overuse that has turned rain-fed lands and sterile lands into water-fed and residential lands. As the table of predicting areas indicates, the greatest increase of about 1744/74 hectares belongs to agricultural lands and 1741/79 hectares belong to the urban lands which includes: residential lands, trade centers, military areas, hospitals, higher education institutes, etc. The least change which is 274/18 hectares, belong to parks and gardens in and around the cities. The most decline of 2261/59 hectares, is observed in sterile lands. Of the total net changes, one can conclude that urban use has increased and all land cover has become largely urbanized, as well as water lands with the rise and development of deep wells. The need to preserve these lands from the physical development of the city in this direction is essential in order to develop the sustainable development of the city. There are many undeveloped lands in the old days due to the lack of water and the lack of facilities. The advancement of agriculture, turned these lands into agricultural lands. Today, landless areas are mostly on the suburbs or around the cities. This is mainly because of the farmers who leave their lands in a state of desert in hope of urban development to gain huge profits.This is the case where the city of Gonbad-e-Kavoos is not an exception to this rule. Parks and Gardens also have a rational increase in the city, therefore, in urban development projects, parks have been created but the size of the gardens is very low in the city of Gonbad-e-Kavoos. By predicting the changes in usages, it is concluded that the most changes will take place in urban usages and rain-fed and sterile lands with dramatic increase and decrease respectively. As the population of the city of Gonbad- e-Kavoosgrows, some steps should be taken to develop the spatial area of the city so as to prevent the destruction of fertile lands for the sake of human construction.Conclusion In this study, the effect of physical expansion of Gonbad-e-Kavoos city on agricultural lands is investigated. Findings indicate that during 45 years, around 1880 hectares of fertile farmlands surrounding the city are destroyed. The main reason behind this destruction is the horizontal expansion of the city. Hence, one of the fundamental bases of sustainable urban development is the increase of city density. It is concluded that horizontal expansion of the city is totally in contradiction to sustainable development and it leads to more instability of the city.

Locating industrial areas with consideration of social, economic and environmental consequences, is a key factor in regional planning. The suitable place for the establishment of industries has taken into account a wide range of criteria and it coordinates and brings together economic and social benefits with environmental sustainability. This research is an applied type that is carried out by a multi-criteria decision making method in the GIS environment. The information layers used in this research include precipitation layers, wind speed, soil, land use, elevation, waterway network, protected areas, industrial centers, road networks and cities. In this research, climatic criteria, natural factors, environmental factors and socio-economic factors were used to locate suitable areas for construction of industries, and after determining the effective factors in locating the industries, maps of effective factors in locating the industries were prepared by performing modeling and analysis of spatial data with the aid of GIS software. After weighing the layers based on the AHP model and using the EC2000 software, the capabilities of GIS software were used to integrate and overlap the maps and finally the map of the location of the industries was prepared.The results of the study indicate that the authorized areas for the location of high-class industries have allocated over 1566973.5 hectares of land in the studied area to itself. These areas are mostly located in the south, southwest, north, west, east and the center of Khuzestan province.

1. Introduction Problem related to water scarcity has always been one of the most important issues to be considered in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the seasonality of surface water drainages and subsurface structures in these regions, it is necessary to use structures which control and store the water flow in order to be used during arid seasons. One of these types of structures is underground dam to control the flow of water in the subsurface. In semiarid and arid areas in which deserts are progressing, exploitation of water has been focused on underground surface water resources having the trouble of stability (Ouerdachi, L., et al., 2012). These conditions require the use of surface and underground short dams for exploiting water in developing countries with arid weather situations. At present, these kinds of structures have been desirably featured in terms of both implication and efficacy in performance (Nilsson 1986, Cavalcanti, N.B., 2001).2. Materials and methods The area studied is part of Semnan province and its surroundings are 216467 hectares in width which geographically have the coordinates of 53D 81M to 53D 15M eastern longitude and 35D 13M to 35D 85M northern latitude. Evaluation of station climes studied by both Domarten and Amberje indicates that the studied span has a semi dry-cold climate at heights reaching cold-arid climate where lower-height areas exist. The situation of considered area is shown in Figure 1. With respect to climatic conditions, there are many syllabic flows throughout side hills of the area where underground dam’s establishment is a proper way to control aridity problem in arid seasons of this area. The most significant data of this study are related to topography, geology, underground water, and aqueduct resources. Software used in this research are both expert choice to prioritize and Geography information systems to combine data. In this research, basic criteria of evaluation including water, pedestals, fountain, economic-social criteria have been targeted at the highest range placing indicators and incidentals criteria at other categories of AHP. Then, proper locations for underground dam establishment have been prioritized.3. Results and discussion Based on Gorry and Morton method, decision-making supportive systems are either the systems capable of transporting data or computerized systems which can be used to solve our problems clearly or partly clearly known or unknown respectively (Gorry, G. A., and Morton, M.S., 1971). Decision-making supportive systems are models which receive vast majority of data and deliver many solutions specifically designed to overcome the existing problem (Klosterman, R.E., 1997). Decision support systems (DSs) used in identifying proper location to underground dam establishment possess AHP mode and are used in three stages.4. Conclusion Considering climatic conditions over the area studied and existing stream, Underground dam establishment highly affects both performance revising and balancing act in underground water removal. Using new methods instead of traditional and time-consuming ones, can highly help with saving time and cost to underground dam location-finding. In the first step of this research, presented DSs considering eliminating criteria in the area of 216467 hectares in width assign suitable pedestal in each limit which is capable of potential underground dam establishment. Then, in the second step, the most suitable strait in each limit is assigned to the underground dam establishment. In the latest step after weighting each main criterion at its related map and as well adding total values of map pixels together in a software called GIS, 8 locations to underground dam establishment at the second step of location-finding in fifth scenario were prioritized as follows: First scenario (weights equality of four main criteria) locations: 5, 3, 2, 4, 6, 1 Second scenario (priority with water criterion) locations: 5, 3, 2, 6, 1, 4 Third scenario (priority with pedestals criterion) locations: 5, 6, 4, 3, 1, 2 Forth scenario (priority with fountain criterion) locations: 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2 Fifth scenario (priority with economic-social issues) locations: 3, 1, 5, 4, 2, 6 As shown in most scenarios, pedestals A and D mostly take first to third place. Furthermore, theses pedestals as the best ones catering for all groups’ opinion to underground dam establishment can be offered.

Information on archeology and the distribution of ancient sites for the possibility of analyzing the past societies and the remaining remnants of them is of particular importance. But unfortunately, our information about ancient sites and their pattern of distribution is often accompanied by flaws and uncertainty. In the present study, statistical techniques and geographic information systems have been used to obtain the relationship between environmental variables (including: distance from springs, distance from permanent rivers, distance from aqueducts and wells, distance from bridle paths and distance from cemeteries) which have decisive and influential on the pattern of human population distribution in different ages. Among the statistical techniques, the weight-evidence functions are able to use the knowns and the unknowns of the user about the occurrence of a phenomenon (ancient locations and sites) and by processing hypotheses from the knowns and limiting the hypotheses cases where there is no accurate knowledge and finally the weight composition of the inputs, display the information defect in the final results. ROC statistics were used to assess the accuracy of modeling. To evaluate the accuracy of modeling, ROC statistics have been used and the results of the research indicate that this model has the ability to predict favorable areas of unknown ancient locations and sites in Boroujen and Lordegan in provinces of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province (ROC=0.89).This approach is an appropriate solution for decision making and management in the field of archaeological research and the results of this research can be used for the management and planning of surveys, and archaeological excavations, prioritizing the existing susceptible areas in terms of ancient importance and ultimately saving on time and economic costs.

1. Introduction From the ancient times, border disputes and territorial expansionism have always existed between countries and states and they have been the main factors for creation of conflicts and wars among them. The first step towards fixing boundaries was taken in Europe by Westphalia treaty. Fixing boundaries and resolving border disputes in Europe were not completed even after the Second World War and continued until the collapse of the Soviet Union. But, in most regions of the world such as the Persian Gulf, we can observe countless conflicts in the field of territorial and border issues. These regions from the advent of its southern margin countries, have always been the scene of many conflicts and disputes, and approximately all Arab countries of this region have border disputes with each other and most of these disputes have remained stable so far. In this article, we try to answer this question that: what is the main reason for Arab countries' disappointment in the Persian Gulf region to settle the border disputes among themselves.2. Research methodology The Research methodology is analytical- descriptive and library method was used in collecting the required information and data.3. Results & Discussion 3-1.the procedure of creating region's borders The collapse of Turkish Empire and decades after that is a very important era for Middle East. What happened in these decisive decades is the apparent sovereignty of European on the region that changed and redraw the international borders and led to the advent of new countries. In the central Middle East, the intervention of European powers had the most influence on political map of the region. In the Persian Gulf, by undertaking contracts that Britain imposed on the sheikhdoms in the South coast of the Persian Gulf from the early nineteenth century, the region was completely under British rule. So, this colonial power determined the region's borders in order to gain its goals.3-2. border- territorial disputes among Arab countries of the region The borders of this region consist of sea and land borders. In this writing, we stress specially on the land borders and then deliberate the discrepancies between them. The disputes between Saudi Arabia – Oman and Abu Dhabi about Buraimi Oasis: Buraimi Oasis includes nine villages that have a mixture of tribal descents. By using the tribal nationalities, Abu Dhabi – Oman and Saudi Arabia could claim all or a part of Buraimi Oasis. In 1955, on behalf of Abu Dhabi, Britainset up a border without Saudi approval. In 1974 United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia compromised on the 1955 ridge. The border between Oman and Abu Dhabi was drawn; so that the six villages of Buraimi remained in Abu Dhabi and three villages remained in Oman. But in 2005, the border disputes between Saudi Arabia and the UAE on the Buraimi Oasis restarted again. Territorial disputes between Iraq and Kuwait: With the independence of Kuwait from Britain, Iraq has consistently claimed the sovereignty over the Sheikhdom on the basis that Kuwait was part of Basra in the Turkish era. Iraq also has some claims about Warbah and Bubiyan islands. Indeed, the most important reason for Iraq to attack Kuwait was her lack of free access of to the Persian Gulf. Another factor that had influenced Iraq policy towards Kuwait wasits access to the oil fields. The territorial disputes between Saudi Arabia and Qatar: In 1992, Saudi Arabia and Qatar had long border disagreements. Riyadh and Doha concealed their disputes temporarily by signing an agreement. In July 2008, Saudi Arabia and Qatar agreed to resolve the Khawr al Udayddisputes between the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. But, the State of the UAE besides protesting to Qatar, associated any determination of the borders in the Khawr al Udayd region to the agreement with this country. The procedure of foresaid disputes has been continued practically. Saudi Arabia tries to access the Persian Gulf's coastlines in Qatar peninsula and then access the largestin operation gas fields in the world. The territorial disputes between Saudi Arabia and Yemen: The first border agreement between Saudi Arabia and Yemen which is known as ' Taif', was signed in 1934. In 2000, Yemen signed the Jeddah agreement with Saudi Arabia and recognized Taif agreement state in order to reduce tensions and Saudi Arabia's interventions. But, the tensions between the two countries did not end by this agreement. Indeed, the disputes between the two countries include vast areas. Yemen has territorial claims on three oil rich provinces such as: Asir- Najran and Jizan currently handled by Saudi Arabia; on the other side, the territorial claims of Saudi Arabia on Yemen are broader and include the oil rich province of Hadhramautin Yemen which has strategic importance due to its location near the Indian ocean. The territorial disputes between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait: The disputes between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia dates back to the early twentieth century and the claims of Ibn Saud on Kuwait. The last border agreement between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait took place in 2000. Iran and Iraq are opposed to this agreement. Iran protests to this agreement because this agreement virtually violated the agreement of Iran and England (Arab' s foreign policy officer) in 1965. Also, by regarding the agreement of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia on commonly use of stratum and substratum resources on the two sides of the border, Saudi Arabia practically enters to the shared oil and gas resources between Kuwait and Iran. The disputes between Saudi Arabia and Iraq: In January 1991, Western allied forces led by the US, attacked Iraq from the Northeast of Saudi Arabia. Iraq canceled all its international agreements with Saudi Arabia signed since 1968. This action included the border agreements of 1975 and 1981. In the summer of 1991, Saudi Arabia submitted all its border treatydocuments with Iraq to the United Nations. While Saudi is not willing to settle its border disputes with its neighbors because of its land claims on the Persian Gulf's sheikhdoms due to its territorial expansionism, the fear of Saddam Hossein made Saudis to recognize the past treaties. The disputes between Qatar and Bahrain: Mutual claims of Bahrain and Qatar over the possession of Hawarislands is the greatest dispute that put the two States on the threshold of a perfect war in 1986. Finally the issue was referred to the International Court of Justice. The court eventually gave its verdict on the territorial disputes between the two States in 2001. But, border disputes was heated upagain in 2010. In this dispute although territorial expansionism trends between the two neighbors towards some parts of each other's soil were clear, the strategic situation of tourist islands of Hawar that have oil resources, have had the most influence in creation of disputes between the two States.4. Conclusion The border and territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf are being seenin a high level. The presence of European colonialists especially the British that handled the region from the early nineteenth century and appointed all the borders of the region in line with their imperialist benefits, has a great influence on the creation of these disputes. After 1971 when Britain left the Persian Gulf, border and territorial disputes among the region's states started and led to numerous conflicts. Most of these disputes have remained up to now. There are some factors that impede consensus among the countries of the region to form an eventual and stable solution for settling the border disputes. But, the reason for this article is stressing on the two important and effective factors in this context one of which is expansionism trend among the Arab countries in the Persian Gulf's zone and the other is the strategic situation of the conflict areas in terms of oil discovery and military situations. Saudi Arabia and Iraq and partly less, other sheikhdoms are the objective examples in this field. So, aggression of Saudi Arabia against Yemen and occupation of Asir area, military aggression against Abu Dhabi and Oman and occupation of Buraimi area, transgression against Qatar and occupation of the southern part of this State and its territorial greed towards Kuwait are arisen from this policy. Although Saudi Arabia prefers to actualize its policy by regional convergence, but in several cases, using vigor and military force shows its powerful expansionism leanings. Iraq' s aggression against its neighbors in the Saddam era can also be evaluated in the form of Baghdad's expansionism policies because of queering in geopolitical – strategic straits and economic profits such as seizing the oil income of Kuwait and Iran's Khuzestan. These two factors with low and high intensity can be generalized to the other Persian Gulf' s sheikhdoms.