ISLAMIC FINANCE RESEARCHES
Year:2017 | Volume:6 | Issue:2 (12) |Papers Count:8

Credit risk in banking is a loss resulted from the borrower's delay or default in fulfilling his obligations in maturity. Credit risk is one of the most important risks of banking and inadequate attention to loan applicants' credit validation is one of the major factors of it. This means that the loans are granted to those who are not qualified and so they refuse to repay them either intentionally or unintentionally. In this study we have selected some verses from the Holy Quran which describe the role, importance, conditions of acquisition, and personal characteristics of a person who wants to take an asset. The research method is descriptive-analytical and has tried to extract critical components from the Quran for the assessment of credit risk by adopting a thematic interpretation approach and by referring to the related interpretations.The main research question is the principles that the Quran dictates for removing the credit risk and for assessing the borrower’s characteristics when he applies for a loan. To respond to these questions, our hypothesis is that in terms of the Holy Quran, seven principles are determinative in Islamic banking behaviors, namely the necessity of social justice, the recognition of humans as divine caliph, the necessity of fulfilling one' s promise, the necessity of rule of Islamic ethics in Islamic financial market, consistency of the property, necessity of proper use of the property and not handing it in to the feeble-minded people, and finally the principle of not inflicting damage on trade and financial deals. The results of the study confirmed the hypotheses.

Sustainable economic growth and development is one of the most significant missions of every country which should be attained through economic regime framework. According to Islamic concepts of justice, security and economic growth are the objectives of the Islamic economic school and are necessary for achieving public prosperity. This research studies the possibility of financing social businesses within the Islamic economic framework in the Iranian capital market. In this study, the conceptual frameworks regarding social businesses in recent decade are surveyed and an operational model is presented for financing social businesses and the infrastructure projects. The findings reveal that there is a possibility for creating a ' social business market' and also for issuance of securities named ' qard al hasanah' which could be used for financing and developing social businesses.

Ethical banking is a new type of banking that has recently been noted in conventional banking and is intended to compensate for the latter' s shortcomings. In ethical banking, moral and social values are also considered alongside economic indicators.Some economists believe that Islamic banking is a system that provides ethical financial services. The main objective of Islamic banks is to develop financial methods based on Sharia law. With regard to Islam's emphasis on moral values, it can be said that all services offered in Islamic banking must be based on codes of ethics.In this study, the ethical practice of banking in Iran is examined. We have conducted a field research through questionnaires and SPSS analysis of the data gathered from the staff and customers in Shiraz banks. The results show that banking in Iran has failed to keep up ethical standards such as preventing the formalization of contracts, meeting the essential needs of the poor, and carrying the social and environmental responsibilities.

In recent years, inflation-protected bonds have developed in the world and have been invested in most of portfolios. The goal of these bonds is to ensure purchasing power by directly linking returns to inflation for the bonds' entire term. Linkers, therefore, contain two forms of payment: the real interest that is fixed at the beginning of the term, and compensation for the loss of purchasing power. Thus, the asset class presents an ideal opportunity to a broad range of investors for protection against inflation. Iran as a country that has high and variable inflation can use these securities for financing long and mid-term projects, especially in public construction projects.This Article by applying descriptive- analytical method answers the following questions: Based on Imamiyah juridical school, is it possible to issue floating-rate and inflation-protected musharakah sukuk? What are the correcting solutions consistent with finance knowledge? The results of the study show that it is possible to issue inflation-protected musharakah sukuk with floating provisional rate. In order to float the rate of return, difficult solutions may be offered such as floating provisional rate with call option and floating provisional rate with call and put option.

Islamic treasury bills (ITB) in Iran's Securities Market are the latest financial innovation in Islamic financial instruments. They were issued for the first time in Iran's Fara Bourse on 94/8/7. To finance government projects, Iran' s Securities Market is extending Islamic treasury bills. So it will be useful to investigate some other aspects of ITB such as risks identification and risks ranking.This article wants to clarify these questions: what are the risks of ITB and how do they affect ITBs efficiency. At first, we describe these questions by using a descriptive method and then we are going to rank risks by analytical hierarchy process. The results show that the interest rate risks, liquidity risks, inflation risks and exchange rate risks have more probability of occurrence. Furthermore, interest rate risks, liquidity risks, credit risks and inflation risks have more effective impact in the process of issuing IBT.

Virtual money is a new phenomenon which has emerged in modern societies as the virtual world is increasingly gaining momentum. It is not a long time since the idea of virtual money came to existence and became operational, yet various types of virtual currency have managed to gain acceptance and usage in today's market. Although governments have been reluctant to give credence to these currencies, the inventors of virtual currencies and market participants have been struggling to overcome the challenges involved and to come up with innovative solutions in order to provide more desirable and effective services in the hopes of making them more widespread. Correct and technical perception of the nature of the money will be the first step in identifying the regulative rules of Sharia as regards virtual money and its use in the Islamic financial market. This article is to specify the regulative rules of Sharia concerning virtual money through digging deep into the ontology of virtual money and analyzing the phenomenon of "money" with an Islamic jurisprudential approach based on the Credit-based Theory of Money. In view of that, it is essential to dissect virtual money in order to precisely understand its components and the key elements affecting it. These include the nature of virtual money and its base, its characteristics of being private and electronic, and the arrival of virtual money in the real world. The writers of this article believe that the most important consideration that must be given to laying the groundwork for virtual money in today's world money order is the coexistence of real and virtual money.

Adopting appropriate and efficient tools for risk management is a core element in managing a variety of risks. Insurance-Linked Securities are modern financial-insurance tools which have been utilized widely by the insurers to cover risks especially catastrophe related risks and massive risks. Moreover, these securities are financial tools that occur in life insurance securitizations. Heretofore, the risk securitizations have been inside the insurance industry and the operational models for issuing such securities on oil and gas projects' risks have not been presented to the literature yet. Considering the importance of oil and gas sector and also the high diversity and variety of oil and gas projects' risks and in order to diversify the risk management tools in the hands of oil and insurance industries, this paper has tried to develop a model for issuing oil risk securities based on Simon' s theory of bounded rationality (1996). This model is consistent with conditions in Iranian oil and insurance industries and the Islamic juridical (Shari' ah) considerations for the corresponding investments.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between stockholders' attitude and Islamic financing acceptance in Tehran's Stock Exchange. Islamic financing refers to providing capital, services and tools that are based on Islamic laws and regulations. Today, Islamic financing has emerged as a new source of economic growth, but in industries and businesses other methods are mostly used for financing. This research is of applied type as well as a correlation study. The population includes 410 shareholders of Tehran Stock Exchange which were selected though random sampling. The structural equation modeling and LISREL software have been used to test the hypothesis. The results show that the attitude of the shareholders to accept Islamic finance is positive. But their religious opinions were not significantly affecting their attitudes. Also, knowledge and awareness, cost benefits and business support affected the stakeholders' attitude to Islamic financing.