ISLAMIC FINANCE RESEARCHES
Year:2018 | Volume:7 | Issue:1 (13) |Papers Count:8

Economic liberalism is the most important intellectual and philosophical principle in capitalism, a fact which leads to unlimited freedom in regard to capital and consequently an absolute profit-making. This study aims to survey the maximum profit-making in capitalist financial systems, and through a descriptive- analytical method and Quranic interpretation, it has extracted Quranic verses about money and wealth to explain the issue on the basis of topic-based interpretation of financial economics. The results show that the Holy Quran has imposed limitations on all aspects of obtaining, distributing and consuming wealth, and money must be earned by observing divine limitations and without the intention of gaining wealth beyond one’s necessary worldly needs. Therefore, making wealth, though permitted at individual level, cannot be taken as the sole objective of a financial system.

Among major requirements of developing countries is their economic infrastructure which paves the way for development in other economic sections, and lack of correct response to funding this section can make economic development face significant problems and challenges. Planning the most appropriate solution for funding these projects is these countries’ basic need. This type of projects has two key features that need to be considered when adopting the funding method: long term and high cost.Benefiting from innovative Islamic financial methods based on Islamic contracts can provide answers to these needs. Generally we have two methods for financing projects, debt financing and equity financing. The states of these countries usually provide funds based on debt financing.Unfortunately, the states make a lot of problems in their economy by choosing this approach. Using the Islamic innovation like Istisna in combination with other Islamic contracts in planning suitable sukuk is our model here in this paper.

In the framework of resistance economy, economic support policies, independence, solidity, complying with local and cultural standards and economic flexibility should be taken into account. As a result, there will be an interaction among different economic sectors based on identifying the internal and external pressures and shocks. Money market together with capital and insurance markets play an important role in financing domestic economy. With regard to the imposed sanctions and the lack of liquidity in the country, robustness of capital market will certainly lead to a robust economy. Among the main tasks of the capital market in the Islamic financial system of the country are suitable allocation of financial resources, reduction in the cost of transactions, acceleration of transactions, increase of the liquidity of assets, facilitating the financing of businesses, fair valuation of business assets based on the supply and demand mechanism, transparency of information and monitoring the performance of businesses. With regard to the difficulties in financing various economic sectors in the country and the direct relation of the capital market with some sections of Resistance Economy Policies and the role of this market in directing limited but efficient capitals to the productive sectors, and facilitating the process of transferring capital to these sectors, this research by adopting a descriptive/ analytical method using questionnaire data together with AHP method using the resistance economy indicators has confirmed its hypothesis, i.e. “The capital market can positively and effectively play a role in realizing the objectives of resistance economy.

Issuing sukuk is an important step in developing Islamic capital market in Iran.Since the start of issuing sukuk, different types of sukuk including musharakah, ijarah, murabaha, parallel salaf, and istisna have been issued. A comparison of statistics and data related to issuing sukuk in Iran and other Islamic countries shows that the volume of sukuk in Iran is much smaller than that in other Islamic countries. We need, therefore, to identify the problems and challenges of sukuk market in Iran and present operational solutions to develop this market. The pathological study of the Islamic sukuk has shown that one of the serious challenges in its development is related to guarantee principle and return of issued sukuk.In this research, we present an initiative solution for guaranteeing Islamic sukuk which can help opening the door for small and medium entrepreneurships and corporations with different levels of credit risk to enter the Islamic sukuk market resulting in its expansion and persistence. Sukuk guarantee fund is a mechanism based on mutual participation of fund members who are originators of issuing sukuk. In this research, we try to identify and analyze important components in designing sukuk guarantee fund, so we discuss components like managerial and ownership structure, mobilization of resources, investment strategies, and default risk coverage through sukuk guarantee fund.

Making decisins on mergers and acquisitions is one of the strategic decisions of top managers in different corporations. Mergers and acquisitions (M& A) are complex processes which have vast managerial, legal, financial, cultural, social and political outcomes and may lead to major increase in the wealth and quality of resource allocation. Researches show that achieving the penetration strategy in the market, implementing innovative programs, restructuring, reengineering the supply chain and creating shared service providing center are among the main objectives of mergers and acquisitions in different industries. The main problem here is the lack of access to reasonable and quick financial resources. Due to the expansion in mergers and acquisitions methods, it is necessary to create innovative financial instruments for them according to Islamic Sharia Principals. This study, by using descriptive- analytical method, has provided the structure of new Islamic financial instruments for the financing of mergers and acquisitions.Tenaghossukuk has been introduced based on decreasing partnership (mosharakat) contract as a modern M& A financing method for the Iranian financial market.

In long and midterm maturity securities, mismatched nominal interest rate and required rate of return impose interest rate risk on investors and issuers.If long term and midterm expected interest rates are downward, fixing interest rate of securities higher than the expected rate would cause the attractiveness of securities for investors and losses for originators. The opposite of this point is also true. Thus for decreasing the interest rate risk, maturity or interest rate of securities should be adjusted. One solution to the decrease of interest rate risk for both parties is issuance of short term securities with embedded extendible option. In other words, this solution provides some insurance for the interest rate in a determined time. In this paper, with analytical– descriptive method, this extendible security has been introduced and the specific risks and jurisprudential aspects of this kind of sukuk are explained. Jurisprudential aspects of five types of Islamic securities including musharaka, ijarah, murabaha, parallel salaf Sukuk and Islamic Treasury Bill have been investigated. The results show that because of their debt nature, extending the maturity formurabahah Sukuk and Islamic Treasury Bill is not permitted, whereas that of musharakah, ijarah and parallelSalaf Sukuk is permitted.

According to the explicit words of the Quran and Hadith, payment of religious obligations, especially Zakat and Khums, by community members can, in addition to the distribution of wealth among needy people and reduction in poverty and social gaps, purify people and their property. On the other hand, one of the most common sources of acquiring wealth is to employ financial capital in the modern corporate-based economy. If investment and acquiring profits are done through clean (pak) capital, the possession of profits by investors isHalal (permitted). So, in this article, we definePak capital, and express the strategy to achieve it and the role of corporate governance in this regard. To do this, by studying the theoretical basis and the data obtained from submitted questionnaires, using interpretive and analytical methods and logical inference, an ultimate conceptual model was designed. The final questionnaire was distributed among religious experts and academics and then the comments of 71 experts were gathered and analyzed. This was done by SPSS software. The findings of this research indicate that there is a consensus on the definition ofPak capital and the strategy to achieve it. The existing regulatory and directional tool in corporate governance and Shariah Supervisory Board make the purification of capital possible. To achieve this, the necessity of regulating and codifying accounting and auditing has been confirmed by experts.

In Islamic financial markets, it is well known that sharia-compliant stocks and sukuk (Islamic bonds) are primary investment instruments for constructing optimal Islamic and non-islamic investment portfolios. In this paper, the factors affecting the development of investment in sukuk were identified and ranked by fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Various factors have been identified based on the study of literature and the data were collected by using questionnaires handed out to experts. The results showed that cultural factors are the most important ones, and factors related to investors, juridical factors, structural, technical, and legal factors come next in the hierarchy. Among the sub-factors, appropriate return of sukuk for attracting investors, related media advertising, fostering religious beliefs about the issue and rising investors' awareness about the sukuk are the most important ones. Enhancing Iranian public awareness, who strongly believe in Islamic and religious foundations, helps to expand public investment and businesses financing. Effective financing leads to production increase, job creation and social prosperity.