Journal of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research
Year:2024 | Volume:6 | Issue:10|Papers Count:15

Dengue fever remains a health issue in Indonesia, especially in Magetan Regency. Management of dengue disease is still aimed at controlling Aedes aegypti using malathion and alpha-cypermethrin. In Magetan Regency, there has been no report regarding the vulnerability status of Aedes mosquitoes to insecticides or mapping of the susceptibility status of Aedes to these insecticides. The aim of this study is to determine the distribution map of dengue cases and the susceptibility status of Aedes to malathion and Alfa-cypermethrin in four working areas of Community Health Centers in Magetan District, namely Candirejo, Taji, Plaosan, and Ngujung. The Arcgis application allows for the display of data in both table and map formats. This research uses an observation method with a cross-sectional study. Test sample collection was carried out in 400 houses in 4 work areas of community health centers with dengue fever problems in Magetan district, which were selected purposefully. The eggs and larvae obtained are kept in the laboratory. Based on the results, the population of Aedes in four health center areas showed resistance to malathion, with mortality rates of 25% in Ngujung, 52.5% in Plaosan, 48.33% in Candirejo, and 79.16% in Taji. Meanwhile, susceptibility to alpha-cypermethrin showed resistance in Candirejo and Plaosan, with mortality rates of 74.16% and 41.66%, respectively, and tolerance in Taji and Ngujung, with mortality rates of 87.5% and 93.33%, respectively. It can be concluded that resistance has occurred against organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides.

Atherosclerotic vascular disorders and its sequalae, involving myocardial infarction and stroke, are major reasons of human diseases and death globally. Moreover, carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) measurement is used to evaluate subclinical carotid atherosclerosis. Therefore, indicators are necessary for prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis. Earlier research have exposed that miRNA-29a could show an imperative role in atherosclerosis and levels of miR-29a were positively related with CIMT. Although no information concerning the levels of miR-29a or miRNA 146a and their correlation with CIMT is available, the objective of our study is to investigate the role of plasma miR-29a and miR-146a values as potential biomarkers of carotid atherosclerosis and to correlate them with CIMT. The values of miR 29a and miR 146a were measured in plasma from 50 healthy volunteers (group I) and 50 patients with CIMT greater than 1.2 (group II) by quantitative real time –PCR (qRT-PCR). CIMT was measured by carotid Doppler to detect atherosclerosis in both groups. Significant upregulation of miR 29a and miR 146a levels in group II than group I. A positive correlation was demonstrated between both miR 29a and miR 146a with CIMT and CRP, respectively.  ROC curves of combined miR 29a and miR 146a to detect CIMT ˃ 1.2 showed sensitivity and specificity of 74.4% and 100% particularly. The combination of both miR 29a and miR 146a could act as promising biomarkers of carotid atherosclerosis in risky people, hence accelerating the diagnosis for proper management of atherosclerotic progression.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a trauma with high morbidity and mortality. The degree of TBI severity so far uses the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Marshall classification of traumatic brain injury from head CT scans has been shown to predict outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE), a potential biomarker of brain damage for prognostic evaluation, is a structural protein of the central nervous system, which will be regulated to maintain homeostasis in the event of axonal damage. This study aims to find a relationship between Neuron Specific Enolase protein levels and the severity of traumatic brain injury as measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale and Marshall classification. Observational, cross-sectional study with a sample of 51 subjects who were diagnosed with traumatic brain injury and admitted to the emergency room. The subject was resuscitated, a blood sample was taken to check NSE levels and a head CT scan was examined. The research was conducted at Dr Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya from August to October 2023. Fifty-one subjects in this study, consisting of 36 men and 15 women, with an average age of 43 years. The results show that the lower GCS is strongly correlated with the higher NSE value with the correlation test results r = -0.467, p < 0.001. The results show that the higher the Marshall classification is strongly correlated with the higher the NSE value with the correlation test results r = 0.475, p < 0.001. There is a significant relationship between NSE levels and GCS levels and also with higher the NSE level, the GCS is decreased. Likewise, there is a significant relationship between the NSE level and the Marshall classification, the higher the NSE level, the higher the Marshall classification.

Diagnosis of ambiguous genitalia in newborns is difficult to determine, most cases in young children appear when they begin to reach puberty. We report a longitudinal case study of a child grown as a 12-year-old boy with ambiguous genitalia from a medical and psychosexual perspective. Based on the patient's medical condition, treatment adherence was excellent. This observation will continue to be monitored and assessed by educating patients to undergo monthly checkups at the pediatric endocrinology polyclinic. From the growth aspect, the patient has experienced weight loss but has not yet reached normal nutritional status. Based on the psychosexual side of the patient, there was light depression and low anxiety towards the conclusion of the patient's observation. The patient's intelligence, however, is comparable to that of children his age. After the examination, the patient was also able to adapt to life as a woman. Therefore, gender dysphoria is no longer present. In total, it was found that there was growth and development of female secondary sex characteristics in patients after consuming hormonal substitution therapy. The patient also saw an increase in the patient's self-confidence after experiencing a sex change compared to the initial observation. The patient has also legally authorized the alteration of the patient's gender.

The rational design of 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives is crucial due to their therapeutic significance and structural versatility. This study focused on synthesizing and characterizing various coumarin derivatives using spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and elemental analysis CHN. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these derivatives were assessed against specific bacterial and fungal strains, respectively. The results revealed strong microbiological activity with, inhibition zones ranging from 6 to 27 mm against bacteria and inhibition percentages ranging from 6% to 26% against fungi. Furthermoe, the compounds exhibited significant antioxidant properties with scavenging percentages ranging from 27% to 91% as determined by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. These findings underscore the potential of coumarin derivatives as versatile therapeutic agents with promising applications.

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disorder affecting the oral cavity, caused by Streptococcus mutans. Diagnostic tests for periodontal disease involve analysis of biomarkers in saliva, such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and arginase (AR) levels. This study aimed to assess salivary enzyme levels and isolate S. mutans, in smoking and non-smoking patients with periodontal disease. A sample between 18 and 60 years old who suffering from Periodontitis due to bacterial infection was involved and divided into three groups: Group A consisted of 25 smokers with periodontitis, Group B included 25 non-smokers with periodontitis, and Group C (control) comprised 25 healthy non-smokers without periodontitis. Saliva samples were collected from each participant and analysed using auto-analyser to measure enzyme levels. S. mutans was identified using biochemical, and polymerase reaction (PCR). Salivary enzyme levels were found higher in Groups A and B compared to the control Group C. LDH levels were 323.21 ± 22.31 UI/L (Group A), 138.02 ± 13.22 UI/L (Group B), and 104.21 ± 12.33 UI/L (Group C). ALP levels were 67.77 ± 5.34 UI/L (Group A), 53.36 ± 4.24 UI/L (Group B), and 21.88 ± 1.79 UI/L (Group C). AR levels were 21.58 ± 1.21 UI/L (Group A), 17.89 ± 1.35 UI/L (Group B), and 15.31 ± 1.45 UI/L (Group C). Approximately 80% of bacterial isolates were cultured on MSB from smokers with periodontal and approximately 60% from non-smokers with periodontal disease identified.  S. mutans was in 90% of smokers with periodontal disease and 80% non-smokers with periodontal disease.

Hypericum perforatum L. and Althaea officinalis L. are medicinal plants of interest to the pharmaceutical, health, and food industry, as well as the study of their chemical composition is very important to evaluate the most influential components against their importance in the treatment of diseases. The purpose of this study was the comparison of the secondary metabolites, heavy metals, and total polyphenols. The heavy metals are determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The obtained extracts were analyzed using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector. Based on the result, it can be seen that the element that has the most difference in value is lead and cadmium, respectively 0.2025 mg/kg (Pb) and 0.375 mg/kg (Cd) for H. perforatum L.;0.41 mg/kg (Pb) and 0.142 mg/kg for A.officinalis L. The compounds that have the most differences compared to Hypericum perforatum L. and Althaea officinalis L. extracts are: Tricyclene (26.706%; 0.142%); alpha-Pinene (15.613%; 0.044%); beta-Pinene (2.262%; 0.132%); cis-beta-Terpineol (0.826%; 0.334%); Caryophyllene-E (9.398%; 11.122%); alpha-Humulene (5.920%; 10.480%); and Ledol (0.674%; 1.356%).  The total polyphenol (TP) content of Hypericum perforatum L. is 7.25% (w/w) Gallic acid and 0.56% (w/w) Gallic acid  for Althaea officinalis L.. As we mentioned, H. perforatum L. has a higher level of total polyphenols. Our results demonstrated that the two medicinal plants had a variety of chemical compounds with promising qualities that could lead to in-depth investigation into their possible uses in cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields. Further trials pertaining to the application of these two medicinal plants' essential oils and extracts may originate from this research.

The administration of general anesthesia through inhalation is a frequently employed method. The volatile anesthetic substance known as sevoflurane is believed to possess nephrotoxic properties due to its metabolites, including fluoroacetic acid and molecule A. The combination of low fresh gas flow and elevated concentrations of sevoflurane within the respiratory circuit, along with its passage via the CO2 absorbent, results in heightened degradation of sevoflurane, hence increasing the risk of renal tubule injury. NGAL expression in healthy kidneys is mostly produced by proximal tubular epithelial cells and is primarily located in the loop of Henle and distal tubules of the kidney. NGAL is crucial in controlling cell proliferation, facilitating healing processes, and promoting tubular re-epithelialization following kidney injury. Increased NGAL levels are indicative of acute renal injury. Segrepsis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiac failure are conditions that can disrupt the performance, sensitivity, and specificity of NGAL as a biomarker for renal tubular injury. Age seems to have an impact on the performance of the NGAL biomarker. The NGAL examination can be conducted using either urine or plasma samples, yielding comparable outcomes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for urine NGAL in predicting acute renal injury was 0.998, while for plasma NGAL it was 0.91. The NGAL examination is based on the utilization of monoclonal antibodies. The ELISA approach is commonly employed in the majority of NGAL testing conducted for research purposes. One of the benefits associated with NGAL is its non-invasive nature, rapidity, and sensitivity in facilitating early detection.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s Disease (CD), and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), the two main types of IBD. The IBD incidence is rising globally and among the young age. Endoscopy has a principal role in rating IBD mucosal lesions. Though, it is expensive and invasive. MicroRNAs could be included in regulation of particular genes and included in inflammation. Disorders in microRNAs levels might cause disease development. The objective of our study is to investigate the role of microRNA-16 and microRNA- 106a levels as indicators for diagnosis and assessing the IBD activity. The values of miR 16 and miR 106a were measured in plasma from 20 healthy volunteers (group I) and 40 UC patients (group II) and 40 CD patients (group III) by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Endoscopic severity index was calculated based on laboratory and endoscopic findings. Significant upregulation of miR 16 and miR 106a levels in group II and group III than group I. A positive correlation was demonstrated between both miR 16 and miR 106a with endoscopic severity index. ROC curves of miR 16 for detecting UC showed sensitivity and specificity of 92.5 % and 90 % particularly. ROC curves of miR 106a for differentiating active from inactive CD showed sensitivity and specificity of 90 % and 75 % particularrly. both miR 16 and miR 106a could act as promising biomarkers of IBD diagnosis and assessing its activity aiding in its proper management.Methods: The values of miR 16 and miR 106a were measured in plasma from 20 healthy volunteers (group I) and 40 UC patients (group II) and 40 CD patients. (group III) by quantitative real time –PCR ( qRT-PCR) .Endoscopic severity index was calculated based on laboratory and endoscopic findings .Results: Significant upregulation of miR 16 and miR 106a levels in group II and group III than group I. A positive correlation was demonstrated between both miR 16 and miR 106a with endoscopic severity index. ROC curves of miR 16 for detection of UC showed sensitivity and specificity of 92.5 % and 90 % particularly. ROC curves of miR 106a for differentiating active from inactive CD showed sensitivity and specificity of 90 % and 75 % particularly.Conclusion: both miR 16 and miR 106a could act as promising biomarkers of IBD diagnosis and assessing its activity aiding in its proper management .

Spinal Schwannoma is the most common primary spinal tumor. Surgery is the definitive treatment for these types of tumors which provides the possibility for total resection and healing. The design of this study is a descriptive study using case series. In this study, evaluation of the quality of life for a total of three patients with spinal schwannoma using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire. An evaluation was conducted to evaluate the functional state of the patient before and after the operation. The collected data was analyzed with a paired t-test using SPSS statistical software. Pre-operative and post-operative clinical, radiological, and histopathologic data are also obtained. Based on the result of the analysis, the mean pre-operative SF-36 total score was 54.04 compared to the mean post-operative total score of 84.64. A paired t-test showed a significant difference between the mean SF-36 total score pre-operative and post-operative (p = 0.013). Good functional clinical improvement was achieved after tumor excision. There was a significant improvement in the quality of life of patients after surgery, with neurological status showing improvement compared to pre-operative conditions. Histopathological analysis confirmed schwannoma in all patients.

Influenza, a respiratory viral disease, presents a grave concern due to its substantial impact on health, often resulting in severe illness and even death. Pregnant women, a vulnerable population, face particular risks when exposed to influenza. This study aimed to assess the potential dangers posed by influenza to pregnant women at Guasmo Hospital in Guayaquil. To achieve the aim of this study, a comprehensive survey was administered to a cohort of 200 pregnant women utilizing the G-Suite platform, allowing for efficient data collection and analysis. The findings revealed that 48% of participants fell within the 18-25 age group, with a concerning 44% reporting that they had not received any guidance regarding influenza vaccination. Alarmingly, a majority of respondents, comprising 67%, had not received the influenza vaccine during their pregnancy, despite 38.7% acknowledging its advisability during this critical period. Furthermore, more than half of the surveyed women remained unaware of the potential risks associated with forgoing vaccination. It is evident that misinformation persists among pregnant women, leaving them susceptible to the dangers of influenza. Addressing this knowledge gap is imperative to ensure the well-being of both expectant mothers and their unborn children.

The aim of this study was  to determine differences in expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)) in glioblastoma cell cultures in vitro when exposed to electric fields. This work followed a true experimental research design with a post-test only control group design. Glioblastoma cell culture was divided into 2 groups, namely the glioblastoma cell culture group exposed to electric field and those that were not exposed. This tool provided a voltage of 10, 30, and 50 peak to peak Voltage (Vpp) with a frequency of 100 KHz alternating current (AC). Evaluation of EGFR and PDGFR expressions was carried out after exposure. Exposure to a weak electric field with medium frequency for 24, 48, and 72 hours decreased the expression of EGFR and PDGFR in the angiogenesis process of glioblastoma cell cultures in vitro but not significantly. Further research is needed with a larger range of doses and treatment duration.

Interscalene blocks are commonly used in surgeries that involve the clavicle, shoulder, and upper arm. There is a lack of literature that explains the best anesthesia techniques for pregnant women with achondroplasia. A 28-year-old achondroplastic woman (35 kg, 110 cm), 30-31 weeks of pregnancy, planned elective ORIF of the right distal radius. The decision chosen after the preoperative evaluation was a peripheral nerve block anesthetic technique. In the operating room, routine non-invasive monitoring was established, and an interscalene block was performed using a 50 mm stimuplex needle under ultrasound guidance (golf-stick probe). A maneuver was performed towards the brachial plexus. After arriving at the C6-C7 sheath, twitching occurred in the bicep and the deltoid muscle area; 1 ml of 0,18% ropivacaine was injected to determine the spread of the local anesthetic, and then 9 ml was slowly added. Thereafter, the assistant evaluated the target block area and found that it was starting to feel numb but still felt painful. Then the needle is directed to the C5-C6 sheath, and 10 ml of ropivacaine is slowly injected. The patient feels short of breath, the respiratory rate increases and the patient becomes restless. the anesthetic technique was converted to general anesthesia. The operation took 4 hours and 30 minutes without additional opioid drugs. After surgery is completed, weaning from anesthesia begins. It was decided to extubate, but after extubation, the patient's respiratory effort increased with obstruction and desaturation. Reintubation was carried out and the patient was treated in the ICU.

The aim of this study is to report a case of a tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) in pregnancy. TOA is a complex infectious mass of the adnexa that develops as a consequence of pelvic inflammatory disease, mostly found in reproductive age women. However, incidences in pregnant woman are considering extremely rare. The recent study regarding TOA in pregnancy was conducted in 2021 with only 40 cases reported. It risks a maternal morbidity, mortality, and fetal jeopardy. To conduct this study, the case was a 28 years-old woman, 24/25 weeks primigravidae presenting at Dr. Soetomo Hospital emergency room with chief complaints abdominal pain, fever, and abdominal tenderness. Laboratory examination revealed leukocytosis, elevated CRP, and Procalcitonin. Abdominal MRI showed a right adnexal mass measuring ± 7.2 x 5.1 x 2.9 cm. Emergency laparotomy was performed due to the presence of peritonitis, a ruptured TOA and appendix inflammation were found. Abscess drainage followed by cyst wall excision, irrigation, and appendectomy were done. Microbiological culture was performed on abdominal pus samples taken during surgery. A histopathological and microbiological examination confirmed the diagnosis of TOA. The TOA occurrence in pregnancy is hardly recorded due to its low prevalence. Diagnosing during pregnancy can be difficult due to the similarity of symptoms and laboratory findings with other illnesses. Although rare, TOA in pregnancy can cause a poor prognosis for both the pregnant mother and the fetus. Diagnosis is also not easy because of its rarity. Making a prompt diagnosis can help to improve the outcomes.

Atrioventricular block (AVB) occurs in approximately one in 15,000 to 20,000 live births. Congenital complete AV block (AVB) may arise from various mechanisms, whether immune-mediated or otherwise. In the context of immune-mediated AV block, a variety of factors contribute to its development, often including the passage of maternal autoantibodies (anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB) across the placenta. Of all AVBs, 40% are predominantly linked to maternal antibodies positive for SSA/Ro or SSB/La. Through placental circulation, these antibodies may cause immune-mediated inflammation or fibrosis in fetal cardiac tissues, which is crucial for conduction. Presented here is a case of complete congenital atrioventricular block in the fetus, characterized by negative maternal Ro/SSA and La/SSB but positive in the Anti Nuclear Antibody test. The baby was delivered by cesarean section at term with Apgar scores of 7 and 8, and a temporary pacemaker was installed at one day old, leading to a favorable outcome.