JOURNAL OF ARABIC LITERATURE CRITICISM
Year:2024 | Volume:13 | Issue:26|Papers Count:12

The phenomenon of linguistic substitution is characterized by textuality, and it contributes to the creation of a coherent text so that the messages of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) were linguistically replaced by linguistic and semantic connections to infuse them with new linguistic manifestations. On the basis of the argument that the imam’s speech can contribute to participation in linguistic theories and phenomena, including the phenomenon of linguistic substitution, the article aims at the role of the imam’s speech in enriching the phenomenon of linguistic substitution with new linguistic manifestations and concepts and clarifying the type of substitution he has in addition to knowing its form. It seeks to answer how the forms of substitution and their semantic features in the Imam’s letters, and to show his linguistic vision towards substitution, and in this field he followed the descriptive-analytical approach, relying on semantics and linguistic views to clarify the objectives and questions, so that he concluded that the form of substitution may vary in substance and overlap in form and vice versa. It merges with the stylistic aspect, and there is a tandem lexical substitution, so that the forms of substitution of the Imam fall under the lexical and grammatical level, and may come out to the rhetorical and stylistic level so that they combine with the stylistic aspects, which generates the lexical and grammatical level as a rhetorical and stylistic level as linguistic and semantic features so that the Imam’s.

Critical discourse analysis is a branch of discourse analysis that studies language as a social practice related to power and ideology. One of the pioneers of this approach is Norman Fairclough. In his opinion, critical discourse analysis is a method that is used along with other methods to investigate social and cultural changes. Fairclough studies critical discourse analysis at three levels in discourse analysis. 1- description 2- Interpretation 3- Explanation. the researcher analyzes the text as a part of the process of social struggle in power relations. The results of the research indicate that Aswani expresses many discourses and types of events by using words and structures such as pronouns, opposites, repetition, etc. At the level of interpretation, it examines the conditions and type of discourse and states that this novel reflects the political and social currents before and after the revolution of January 25, 2011 in Egypt, and the author has described the events of the society and different political, social and cultural classes. It explains the conflict between them and their thoughts. At the level of explanation, it reflects the type of power and ideology that Hosni Mubarak's dictatorship is, and the events of the January revolution, such as; The protest against Khaled Saeed's assassination and martyrdom reflects the anger and the corrupt society with a critical tone. The dominant idea in the novel is the struggle against the dictatorial government through demonstrations, especially in Tahrir Square, and the awakening of the Egyptian people.

This article aims to show new dimensions of the life and poetry of this philosopher using Althusser's theory of ideology, Lyotard's grand narrative theory, and Merleau-Ponty's body theory; Althusser sees in his theory that ideology is a material phenomenon that exists in all people. Lyotard, in his theory, rejects narratives that claim certainty and are supported by hegemony. Merleau-Ponty considers the body a tool for perception and knowledge in his theory of physical perception. The purpose of this research is to provide a postmodern analysis of Al-Ma'arri's poetry, in which he explains how Al-Ma'arri transforms the ideological actor into the revolutionary one and how he takes advantage of language and art in this way. The main question of this research, which follows the descriptive-analytical approach, is how can the Althusserian ideology be applied to Al-Ma'arri's poetry, what are the major narratives that were questioned in his poetry, and how was the dynamism of art manifested in Abu Al-Ala's poetic language and lifestyle? The result of the research is that poetry for Al-Maarri is the tool of the revolution, not just the media. Ideology can remain only in the form of words, but if it is to enter the theater of action it must have a practical example. Abu Al-Ala understands this fact and tries to show this practical revolution, and thus uses two means at the same time: verbal media means poetry, and artistic media means performance.

AbstractElaine Showalter's theory of "criticism of the position of women" is considered one of the prominent and methodical models of feminist criticism in the field of fiction literature, the main topic of this approach is the criticism of literature from the perspective of the role of women and the criticism of women's works, and from this point of view, it is defined as a woman-centered criticism. Showalter divides women's writing into three stages of affirmation, protest and individual identity, and to explain the characteristics of women's writing in each stage, he proposes four models of analysis: biology, linguistics, psychoanalysis, and culture. This article intends to use the descriptive-analytical method and rely on Elaine Showalter's critical theory and her four models to criticize and analyze a novel by Hoda Barkat called "Brid Al-Lil" (2019) in order to analyze the components of women's writing and examines the recognition of their social functions. The result of the research shows that Hoda Barakat is a leading writer in relation to the use of feminine and norm-breaking traits in this field. Among the four dimensions of women's writing, the dimension of psychoanalysis is more represented in the work due to the conditions of exile, war and social suffering. But still, the work's belonging to the tradition of feminism shows the backward status of Lebanese women.

Sociological criticism is one of the methods of literary criticism, and Lucien Goldman's constructive structuralist criticism is one of its subsets, which examines the relationship and similarity between the structure of a literary work and the structure of society. Tariq Bekari, a Moroccan writer, has mentioned the categories of colonialism, cultural alienation, westernization and the influence of the capitalist system in the Arab world with a historical perspective in his novel Maraya General, and his work has a meaningful structure. Therefore, the current research tries to express the worldview of the novel Maraya General based on Goldman's theory and show the political and social developments of Morocco represented in the text of this novel. The findings of the research indicate that the text of Maraya General's novel is a reflection of the structure of the Moroccan society in the 1970s to the 1990s, whose hidden worldview is the critical attitude of a class of Moroccan left-wing and socialist intellectuals who rely on their class consciousness to achieve freedom. They rebel against the authoritarian system in Morocco, but Western colonialism and the capitalist system prevent the realization of the ideal consciousness of this class by alienating and dividing Moroccans. At the cultural level, because of copying the western culture, Moroccans have suffered cultural conflicts and alienation and caused the spread of moral corruption and the development of the influence of foreigners, and at the social level; The suffocation and lack of freedom of speech make Moroccans disappointed and frustrated,

The psychological facts unquestionably support the dual dimensions of human sexuality. Yung, one of the great psychologists, believes in the existence of a male sense called the animous in the female entity and a female aspect called the anima inside the male. He considers these two archetypes, which are imprinted in the human collective unconscious, to be effective in the formation of human personality and behavior. Literature is considered to be a suitable scope and bed for the emergence of the collective unconscious and what it contains. Literary writers, like all human beings, in addition to the individual unconscious, are influenced by their collective unconscious in creating literary works. Abd al-Salam al-Ujayli, one of the great writers of Syria, who played a prominent role in the development of narrative literature in the Arab world, especially in Syria, is among these writers. Based on this, this article seeks to show the role of the the anima and animous of human existence in the formation of the characters of this author's novels. the results show that all the positive and negative forms of these archetypes can be found simultaneously in Ujayli's novels, but their negative aspects, which can be found in traits such as: prostitution, lust, seduction, betrayal, jealousy, surrender and tendency It is manifested in rebellion and disobedience, and it is more reflected in Ujayli's novels. Anima archetype has played a more colorful role in the formation of characters and the course of events in novels.

It is common knowledge that Badi’ al-Zaman al-Hamadhani was the first to invent the art of maqamat and was able to develop it through his writings. Badi' al-Zaman discussed in his Maqamat various issues of his time and was able to pass on to future generations the most important features of that time period. He turned to irony and laughter as a way to indirectly express what he meant, and his goal was to reform society through his stinging criticism. Since irony is dominant in all parts of the Maqamat al-Hamdani, we have relied on the mechanisms of carnival reading of Bakhtin that are concerned with the subject of irony and laughter in literature. Note that this reading spread among critics in the field of analyzing the works of writers who were famous for their irony and cynicism. Accordingly, and through the use of this reading, we focused on the most important features of the carnival found in the shrines of Hamadani and how to invite the recipients to reconsider the way of life and the prevailing false values. Based on the awareness of community members. This reading helped us approach and study the shrines and opened the way for us to identify the most important cultural features that were dominant in the society at the time. Badi' al-Zaman has employed all linguistic capabilities to arouse the concerned circles in society.

Critical discourse analysis as an interdisciplinary approach is one of the important theories in the field of discourse analysis. This method, which is used in the analysis of literary texts in addition to studying social issues, is rooted in critical linguistics. One of the most famous theories among various types of discourse analysis is Norman Fairclough's theory of critical discourse analysis, which pays special attention to its situational and political context in addition to linguistic issues. In his critical analysis on three levels, Fairclough examines the description and interpretation of the interaction between context and discourse and explains how the two-way influence of social structure and discourse. The present study investigates the three levels of critical discourse of Najib Al-Kilani's novel Ras al-Shaitan by descriptive-analytical method and using Fairclough's theory of critical discourse analysis in orderto explain the author's desired ideology and discourse. The results of the research show that NajibAl-Kilani has expressed his point of view in this story by using the function of words and the semantic relationships between them, news and positiveverbs, and the use of metaphorical sentences. On the other hand, by taking advantage of intertextuality and recalling Quranic texts and Islamic themes, it seeks to explain the path of struggle and being steadfast in it. With a combative discourse, Kilani expresses themes such as standing against oppression and freedom, and by strengthening the spirit of struggle, he seeks to instill his own ideology and concepts such as achieving independence, freedom and standing against oppressive rulers.

After the conquest of Khorasan by the Muslims in the early stages of their foreign wars and the settlement of Arab tribes there, especially after the arrival of Mamoun Abbasi in the city of Marv, the Arabic language and literature slowly entered Khorasan and its surroundings; So that the Arabic language became common among the people along with the Persian language to the point where they knew and spoke it well and flourished in the 4th and 5th centuries of Hegira. This led to the emergence of a group of great poets and writers such as Abu-Bakr Kharazmi, Thaalabi and Badi al-Zaman Hamdani and others who surpassed their Arab counterparts. Thaalabi and Bakherzi have mentioned many poets along with their poetic pieces in the great collections of Yatima Al-Dahr and Damiyata Al-Qasri, which need to be researched in different literary and cultural dimensions. One of the phenomena that we come across a lot in these two poetry collections is satire of cities and provinces. Hence, the present article intends to explore the reasons for the emergence of this type of satire, which appears among other types of satire in the Arabic poetry of Khorasan, according to the descriptive analytical method. The results of the research also indicate that several factors such as the existence of debauchery, the poet's sense of alienation, and the oppression of government officials were involved in this matter.Keywords: Arabic Poetry, Satire of Cities and Provinces, Khorasan

Since one of the most important goals of using language is to communicate and meet people's needs, therefore, on the one hand, the useful and effective use of this tool requires accurate and correct knowledge of words and expressions, and on the other hand, understanding their situational context. Searle's speech act theory is placed in the field of language pragmatics. In this field, meaning is studied when it is used and in relation to the outside world, and context and situation are studied as the two main conditions in achieving deep meaning.This linguistic function can be analyzed in all kinds of texts, especially literary texts. Analyzing the text from this view shows how the poet has hidden the main theme in the lower layers of the text, i.e. the deep structure, in order to prevent the banality of the theme and on the other hand use it in order to describe the currents of his period. In this opportunity, we have discussed an Ashurai elegy. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical research is to discuss the speech acts in a literary-historical work that depicts the intellectual qualification of the contemporary Arab poet in dealing with the most tragic political event in the Islamic world and its connection with the current conditions of their colonized society. The result of the current study is that the contemporary poet has used all the verbal works, but expressive actions have been more prominent with regard to the purpose of awakening and seeking revenge.

The study of signs and symbols is known as semiotics, and the understanding of a literary work's main axes is one of structuralism's most significant objectives in the modern period. Increased comprehension of a book results from comprehending its signs; Therefore, various theories have been presented by structuralists about semiotics and reaching its meaning. Using the structure of Propp's semiotic theory, Grimas was able to create the actor model, in order to express the cause and effect of a sign and action by means of it and realize the actionability of a work. The novel " Adrakha Al-Nassian " by "Sana Al Shaalan" is one of the novels of the contemporary period, in which the author uses postmodernist literary techniques to build a love story with numerous characters while also paying attention to social, geographic,religious,romantic, and narrative themes.The action of the story revolves around two main characters, namely "Baha" and "Zahak".The narration of this novel is entrusted to many characters, each of them has different actions. Using the descriptive-analytical method and the semiotic approach of Grimas, this essay seeks to analyze the semiotic square while introducing the actions of different characters.The obtained results show that the author has used active, receiver, sender, hinder and helper actors. Also, characters like " Zahak ", "Timullah-Al-Jaziri" and "Wafa Zaib"have an active role, and the character "Barbara" has an active role. Also, the semiotic square of Grimas leads the audience's mind to concepts such as innocence, the function of forgetting,rebirth and salvation.

The word Semiology was first used by Ferdinand Saussure. He considers the sign as a concept that has two sides. Those two sides are the signifier and signified. This theory was then given another meaning by other linguists such as Peirce. Later on, the semiotics in poetry was used by Jacobsen for the First time as a method of analysis. Following Jacobsen, Riffattere's expanded semiotics in poetry. He goes so far that He criticized Jacobsen theory. Giving it a new prospect. Riffattere's theory of semiotics is one of the theories used in the analysis of poetry. According to this theory, poetry is a set of signs that can only make sense together. This theory was first proposed in the 20th century by Riffattere in his book Semiotics of Poetry. Since the arrangement of words in poetry, unlike ordinary speech, does not have special order and rules, and deeper concepts are hidden behind their surface, the theory of Riffattere first relies on linguistic ability to examine the interest between words then with the help of the literary ability, it clarifies the actual meaning behind the poetry. In this article, first, the basic concepts of Riffattere's theory are described, and then the theory is applied in Vatan Le Asma Mosharad. This study was conducted based on descriptive-analytical method using library resources.