Judgment
Year:2023 | Volume:32 | Issue:1 (پیاپی 113)|Papers Count:6

The rights and responsibilities of women in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, including the right of access of women (in case of assault) and in case of being injured, and in the case of accusation and committing a crime, to the female police, as one of the rights of women and also the legal responsibilities of the police command. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the female police have been listed, which can be reviewed. This article aims to explain the policy and legal bases of the presence of trained female police officers and the measures taken according to Article 134 of the Charter of the Rights and duties of women in Iran, with a look at Criminal history with the view that there have always been social anomalies and crimes in human societies throughout the ages, but sometimes with the expansion of the scope of crimes, problems arise that endanger the continuation of social life, so it is necessary Let's talk about the formation of female police in the measure of preventive criminology, and since more than a century has passed since the presence of women in the service of police forces at the international level, however, according to the available statistics, police women make up about 2% of the world's policemen. Except for South Africa, where the ratio of women's participation in police forces to men is 29%. Therefore, we have checked what percentage of Iran's police are women and their role in the police has been explored.

Abstract Punishment, regardless of its quantity and quality, is always a requirement for the protection of social order, which has been determined by the legislature against crime and violation of norms, and is sometimes intensified. Intensification of punishment is one of the components of the principle of personal punishment and of the practical and challenging nature of public criminal law. One of the common causes of this issue is the number of credits that the legislator has dealt with in Article 3 of the Islamic Penal Code (approved in 1392). Due to the importance of discussing pluralism in criminal law, dire consequences and its non-belonging to a specific crime, the present study, while examining this important and explaining its various dimensions, expresses the challenges that have arisen in line with the provisions of this institution in practice, and to overcome them Has stated solutions. The main question of the article is what challenges can be faced by the institution of credit institution in practice and what solutions can be offered?

One of the important issues is the investigation of the liability for the loss of car price, considering that this issue is not explicitly mentioned in the laws of Iran, insurance companies do not pay this type of damage.But with the review and concept of the existing laws, including (Civil Liability Law and Law on Compulsory Insurance of Damages Caused to Third Parties by Accidents Caused by Vehicles) and legal principles, insurance companies are obliged to pay all damages (up to the limit of financial obligations) from Among the damages are the drop in the price of the car, and also, on the other hand, a recent ruling from the fifth branch of the Supreme Court states that (the drop in the price of the vehicle caused by a traffic accident that is attributed to the culprit of the accident cannot be claimed from the insurance company if, in the insurance contract it has been specified) has been issued that this article tries to criticize and review the issued decision.Key words: civil liability, insurance, loss of car price.

Human dignity and the legitimate freedoms of members of the society are one of the fundamental rights of nations, which the government, as a superior governing body, is responsible for observing. It is important to refer to the history of civilized societies and sacred religious texts that legitimate freedoms have been the concern of rulers and demanded by citizens for many years. The current form of power structure in most societies, which takes place in accordance with the separation of powers, requires the consideration of a large governing body to implement and facilitate the observance of these freedoms for individuals. In the process of criminal proceedings, compliance with some penal principles will guarantee the legitimate freedom of citizens during the proceedings and proceedings of the courts. In this research, by studying and verifying these principles, we will deal with the performance of the judiciary in protecting the basic rights of people in the society. These principles are briefly; The principle of acquittal, the principle of non-retroactivity of criminal laws, the prohibition of torture and the acquisition of illegitimate reasons, and the principles governing the determination of crimes and punishments.

جرائم رشوه و ارتشا از جمله برجسته ترین جرائم و مفاسد اقتصادی محسوب می شوند. این جرائم، علاوه بر داشتن بُعد اقتصادی، به نظام اقتصادی، رقابت سالم و آزاد صدمات و خسارات بی شماری وارد نموده و جنبه های امنیتی و آرامش عمومی را نیز تحت تأثیر قرار می دهند و به اعتماد عمومی نسبت به دولت و نهادهای دولتی آسیب می رسانند. ارتشا یکی از جرائم اداری برجسته است .. برای مقابله با این جرم، مانند مبارزه با هر بیماری دیگری، باید علت فساد شناسایی شده و اقدامات مناسبی برای ریشه کن کردن آن اتخاذ شود. یکی از علت های اصلی بروز ارتشا، وجود مشکلات و ضعف در نظام قانونی است که این مقاله در پی اثبات وجود ارتباط میان این دو می باشد . بروز ارتشا در تشکیلات اداری به واسطه نقص و ضعف های مشاهده شده در نظام تقنینی، می تواند به عواملی مانند عدم شفافیت قوانین، پیچیدگی مقررات، تورم نظام قوانین، عدم تطابق قوانین با نیازهای روز جامعه، نبود مقررات قانونی لازم برای ثبت دارایی ها و اعلام آن ها به قوه قضائیه، عدم حاکمیت نظم در قوانین اقتصادی و نقایص دیگر نظام تقنینی بستگی داشته باشد. برای کاهش این پدیده شوم، لازم است نقایص و ضعف های نظام تقنینی برطرف شده و زمینه اثرگذاری آن ها در بروز ارتشا از بین برود. روش تحقیق حاضر به مانند اکثر تحقیقات در حوزه علوم انسانی، توصیفی- تحلیلی می باشد؛ بدین صورت که از توصیف و تشریح موضوعات ناظر بر مساله اساسی تحقیق با توجه به داده های جمع آوری شده و تحلیل آنها، برای ارائه پاسخ های مناسب و دست یابی به اهداف تحقیق بهره می برد.

The definite principle is that regarding the holding of hearings and their administration, whenever the legal standards such as notification in accordance with the law are not met, and also the absence of death and death of the parties, as well as the application of the provisions of the petition to the legal standards, and the meeting is held unnecessarily. Also, if during the administration of the hearing, the beginning and end of the proceedings and also the public proceedings are not done and there is a lack of order in general, there will be a guarantee of execution, so that it will not only result in the disciplinary violation of the judge, but will also cause In some cases, the vote is invalid, and in higher authorities, it sometimes causes the cancellation of the document. The realization of the right and the implementation of justice in the courts require that the platform and context be provided for the litigants so that the parties can easily present their claims and arguments. Regarding the way of administration, although there are major legal issues in this collection, there are still legal gaps. For example, it is not clear whether the meeting will continue or not if one of the litigants and their lawyer disrupts it. Therefore, in this article, we intend to state each of the examples that lead to the examination of the reasons for the necessity of order in the hearing.