POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY QUARTERLY
Year:2022 | Volume:7 | Issue:3|Papers Count:6

The world of Islam with a historical brilliant civilization in the framework of a unified Islamic state has suffered fragmentation and nationalism due to the collapse of the caliphate system in the face of modernity and the nation state system in the contemporary period. In the last century, some reformers and Islamic political activists, influenced by the early history of Islam and the Qur'an teachings of the “United Ummah” or "Islamic Ummah", have proposed the unity and solidarity of the world of Islam to rebuild and revitalize Islamic civilization and to confront the dominating Western powers. Although many efforts have been made, so far no tangible achievements of unity and convergence have been observed in the world of Islam. Therefore, the main question is what are the main problem and root causes of lack of convergence and domination of divergent forces over convergent elements in the world of Islam and why the idea of Islamic unity has been failed. This research has attempted to explain the roots and fundamental causes of divergence in the world of Islam. The results show that the conceptual ambiguity of the world of Islam, economic non-complementation of Islamic countries, dependence on the world outside of world of Islam and competition and ideological contradictions of regional powers in the world of Islam have caused divergent Islamic countries.

Political geography is one of the branches of geography. The science of political geography is known as the first degree knowledge and the philosophy of political geography is known as second degree knowledge. The philosophy of political geography has been examined and explained from the philosophical point of view of different schools, but all the mentioned schools have acted incompletely in explaining it. In this research, the philosophy of political geography from the approach of Islam has been explained in three areas of ontology, epistemology and methodology. In the ontology of the subject, the definition, area and territory, essence and nature and legality have been discussed. In epistemology, tools include senses and experience, logical and intellectual reasoning, attention and cultivation, testimony and revelation and Sources including nature, intellect, heart and history have been discussed in the field of religious knowledge. Therefore, it is assumed, Islam has a defensible theoretical basis in all political and social fields, and such a research has been done due to eliminate the gap in the field of philosophy of political geography from the perspective of Islamic thought. Accordingly, the necessary formulation with the reasoned content of Islamic political geography has been compiled, referring to Islamic texts and sources, including the Holy Quran, narrative sources, texts of political and historical jurisprudence, as well as the works of Muslim thinkers in this regard. The present study is conducted in a descriptive-analytical method, especially content analysis, and the results show that Islamic thought in the field of social sciences, and especially in the field of political geography, is based on an approach called the approach of revelatory rationality.

Border security refers to prevention of any act against the law along official borderlines of a particular state and regulation of the trans-border passage of individuals, goods, and domestic animals through legally allowed border crossings while carefully observing legal rules and obligations. Every nation tries its best to keep the borders totally blocked except for particular border crossings where trans-border passage has been allowed upon previous agreements. Many factors affect border security of a country. The plans and policies adopted by countries to appropriately and effectively control their borders are among the most important factors contributing to security performance along the borders. In this respect, careful locating of police stations and border outposts impose large contributions to efficiently control and management of borders and the establishment of security along the borderlines and within the border area. The present study aims at investigating and analyzing the factors affecting border outpost location with the help of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) software tools. In order to extract, examine and analyze the required information, images taken by the OLI sensor on Landsat satellite in 2018 were loaded with ENVI 5.3 software where remote sensing and GIS techniques as well as fuzzy inference system and analytic hierarchical process (AHP) were utilized. Finally, output map was classified into three classes, namely suitable, moderate, and unsuitable land uses. It should be noted that the analyses were performed using 13 criteria, namely land use, slope, border right-of-way, territory of existing outposts, right-of-way of protected zones, road access, territories of cities and villages, power transmission lines, watersheds, water channels, railways, and faults.

Zionist organizations established settlements in the West Bank with the view of defending and ensuring the security of the Israeli regime. Over the past half-century, Zionist mafia powers have expanded the geography of settlements in the West Bank along their own interests with economic rents from influential individuals and the Israeli Hebrew cabinet. As they became stronger, they intervened directly in the elections, passing laws, setting budgets and credits, and electing the prime minister and the cabinet of the Israeli regime. Continuation of this process led to the substantive inefficiency of democracy in Israel. On the other hand, during the last two decades, the nature of the settlements has become a security problem for this regime, so that the society in Israel has to pay for the security of the settlers materially and spiritually. So the question is what are the security implications of settlements in the West Bank? And how is it formulated? It can be said in response that the initial goals of establishing settlements have changed over the past 20 years, negatively affecting the Israeli regime and weakening the national security of this regime in various dimensions. This research is applied in nature and based on the descriptive-analytical method, data collecting and reviewing documents and Internet resources.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cultural components of the border residents and its role in sustainable security of Kermanshah border areas. According to the hypothesis, there is a significant relationship between the cultural components of the border residents and the sustainable security of the border areas. The present study was conducted by the method (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section included experts and specialists aware of the research topic. Snow ball method is the sampling method in the qualitative section, which reached a theoretical consensus with 30 elites and experts. A small part of the statistical population is included citizens of the border areas of Kermanshah province. According to initial estimates, the number of these people was 540. Semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires are used to collect data. The coding analysis method was used to identify and prioritize the cultural components and sustainable border security. Also, SPSS software was used in the quantitative part of the study. The results show that sustainable border security from the respondents' point of view has 19 semantic parts in six common categories, included "economic security", "social security", "political security", "environmental security", "military security" and "cultural security". On the other hand, the cultural dimensions of the border residents were the six dimensions of "participation and cooperation", "cultural cohesion", "two-way interaction", "insight and awareness", "ideology" and "chivalry". Correlation matrices between cultural categories and sustainable border security show that there is a significant and direct relationship between each of the components of this matrix. It can be said that the two categories of the core of sustainable border security and the six cultural components of border residents are interrelated; if a two-way interaction takes place between these components, social order will be formed in the borders and the border residents will witness a kind of sustainable security.

The economic factor is one of the most important factors of population mobility in the border areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of cross-border trade on demographic indicators in Tamerchin border settlements in Piranshahr. The research is conducted in descriptive-analytical method using a questionnaire. The results of one-sample t-test for the 5 main dimensions of the research show that the reflection of political dimensions has the greatest effect on demographic changes in the studied area with a score of 3.43.The next more important categories are economic reflections with a score of 3.29, population category with a score of 2.86, social category with a score of 2.57, and physical category with a score of 2.25, respectively. According to the results mentioned in the findings section, the development of cross-border trade in the studied rural settlements has not had a positive impact on the stabilization and population growth of these settlements. The lack of infrastructure, services and welfare is one of the most important reasons for lack of the population stabilization. But, cross-border trade has had a positive impact on the social and political components and improving the quality and mobility of life in rural areas, according to the results of research tests.