URBAN PLANNING KNOWLEDGE
Year:2024 | Volume:8 | Issue:1|Papers Count:7

Introduction: Unstoppable urban development alongside natural and human ecological factors have accelerated ‎transformations in historical contexts and ancient structures, including heritage buildings and old ‎urban spaces. This inevitable metamorphosis often results in qualitative degradation and physical ‎deterioration, diminishing the sense of belonging to rich cultural and historical values. Such ‎degradation contradicts the fact that historical contexts are irreplaceable treasures, filled with the ‎culture and history of our ancestors and featuring valuable pieces of architecture and urban ‎heritage. Consequently, this research aims to compile a checklist of urban space obsolescence ‎indicators and their evaluation criteria to improve the quality of these spaces in terms of physical ‎and cultural features. The concept of various types of obsolescence in the Adaptive Reuse ‎Potential (ARP) model is adjusted, and indicators of blight and urban decay in historical contexts ‎are discussed. A model is provided to evaluate the deterioration of urban open spaces based on ‎the principles of the Place model. To apply the derived indicators and assess the decline in a ‎sample urban space, the old Darb-Sheikh squareSquare, in front of Sheikh Rouzbahan's tomb, has been ‎selected as an example of a neighborhood open space.Methodology: This applied research employs a descriptive-analytical approach. The literature review was ‎conducted using the library research method, while historical documents were analyzed to ‎understand the metamorphosis of the physical qualities and form of the studied urban space. To ‎investigate the rate of decline in Darb-Sheikh Square, ten experts identified through the snowball ‎method visited the area and filled out a questionnaire based on a 5-option Likert scale.‎Results: The evaluation results by experts provide scores for all indicators of deterioration for Darb-Sheikh ‎Square. According to the findings, there is less decline in the comfort and image index compared ‎to other indices, followed by sociability. Conversely, the access and connectivity index, followed by ‎the activity and land use index, has declined the most.Discussion:  Despite its historical interests, specific uses, and local businesses as primary income generators, as ‎well as a relatively well-distributed population density and high adaptability of buildings, Darb-Sheikh Square lacks dynamism and vitality. This is due to the unwillingness of users and the ‎private sector to invest in this area, and the absence of recreational and entertaining services, local ‎events, green and open spaces, and the presence of abandoned structures. Additionally, visual ‎disturbances, poor hygiene, and cleanliness, lack of security, low safety of architectural elements, ‎non-compliance of buildings with standards, deficient urban infrastructure, and poor quality of ‎existing building materials and structures have caused dissatisfaction among users and residents, ‎rendering the urban space inappropriate in terms of visual and comfort qualities. Although the ‎historicity of this space and its proximity to Sheikh Rouzbahan’s tomb foster a sense of belonging, ‎issues such as mismanagement, lack of day and night activities, and insufficient inclusive services ‎prevent the square from being a space for social interactions and friendly meetings. Consequently, ‎it is not positively perceived by citizens. Despite some factors facilitating accessibility to Darb-Sheikh Square, such as its location on a legible path, proximity to trading centers and urban ‎markets, and adequate access to public parking, various unattractive features render it an ‎undesirable and almost deserted urban space.Conclusion: This research ‎successfully tested the fitting of obsolescence indicators from the literature related to the adaptive ‎reuse of buildings to the qualitative assessment of urban spaces. The goal was to determine which ‎indicators can estimate the quality or deterioration of an urban area and what strategies should be ‎used to overcome any manifestation of obsolescence. The indicators derived from this research ‎can be used to develop various improvement interventions in the design and management of ‎urban spaces in historical and heritage contexts.

Introduction: No one is immune from climate change, and it is a global challenge that casts the biggest shadow on cities. The IPCC's 2021 Sixth Assessment Report calls for action to reduce the magnitude of climate change (Mega, 2022). Climate changes caused by urban development affect not only temperature changes but also other climate parameters such as precipitation, humidity, and air quality, and lead to long-term changes in the microclimates, which is one of the influencing factors. The shape and texture of the city aims to reduce the temperature of the city and reduce the energy consumption of the city (Pour Amin, Behzad Far & Rezaei Rad; 2022). The aim is to explain the conceptualization of urban morphology and its effect on the amount of energy consumption and its result in the formation of climatic patterns through the review of joint research methodology between the two theories of climate justice and urban morphology with the approach of reducing energy consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to answer the main question of how the methodological processes and applied methods are used in the two parts of information gathering and statistical analysis in the studies of this field.Methodology: In this article, the methodology of the previous research was analyzed using the meta-method. After determining the main research question to collect the primary research information based on PRISMA order, selected articles from 2015 to 2022 that had more appropriate methodological structure and theoretical coherence were reviewed and screened. Then, the selected articles were analyzed by coding and coding using Saunders research onion model and content analysis using meta-analysis method.Results: Finally, to analyze and combine the qualitative results, the sequential explanatory design method was used to combine quantitative and qualitative data. Then, using MAXQDA text analysis software, the categories and codes of the articles were extracted to identify the types of analysis methods and tools used for each variable. Of the 89 articles and dissertations, 30 articles were selected that were close to the research topic. The analysis methods and instruments in these articles were coded using the Code Relation Matrix. Saunders' research onion model was used to determine the nature of the targeted analysis of the articles (Saunders, Lewis, & Thonhill, 2007). The philosophical system of research relates to the theoretical discourse of positivism with objectivist ontology and epistemology through visual senses, experimental, or comparative analysis. Discussion: The research strategy is the type of basic studies with the comparative approach of hypothesis testing, where 40% of the articles used the quantitative research method, 33% used the qualitative method, and 27% used the mixed method. Collecting information according to the quantitative weight of data is based on the paradigms of positivism and meta-positivism, with analogical and inductive approaches that include various experiments and surveys (Creswell, 2016, 36). Therefore, a number of common analysis components and methods were found in the reviewed articles. Then, a meta-analysis of the combined modeling of the role of urban morphology with the approach of reducing energy consumption in line with the premise of climate justice was discussed, which was obtained from the results of MAXQDA qualitative analysis software. In this conceptual modeling, the constituent components of each variable and their analytical tools, obtained according to the research topic based on the results of the analysis of the reviewed articles, were discussed.Examining the methodological gap in research:·        Lack of clear and consistent definitions for research variables due to the scope of the topic.·        Lack of access to accurate statistics and climate databases in the Middle East, especially Iran.·        Lack of access to the amounts of energy produced and consumed in buildings and transportation that contribute to heat island formation.Conclusion: In this research urban morphology is influenced by climatic, social, cultural, economic and geographical conditions in a reciprocal relationship, and energy consumption. According to the studies conducted by meta-analysis of selected articles, more than 60% of the articles were quantitative and mixed, mostly quantitative with experimental and survey strategies. Through meta-analysis of selected sources, this article attempts to provide a variety of experiences in an understandable range for researchers in urban design and planning to identify differences and similarities based on certain criteria.

Introduction: Cities are currently facing significant challenges. Urban life has been profoundly impacted by climate change. The rise in the Earth's average temperature is a key factor driving the increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as floods and droughts, which directly affect the lives and well-being of millions of people and the environment. Additionally, cities are rapidly expanding, consuming land and water in surrounding areas, often at the expense of agricultural lands. Many cities around the world suffer from inadequate infrastructure and unequal access to essential services, which disproportionately affect vulnerable groups. Urbanization and growing competition among different land uses and economic sectors are making water an increasingly scarce resource. Climate change further exacerbates these pressures by heightening the risk of floods, droughts, and heatwaves. These challenges demand a systemic approach and a shift in urban planning and water management. Traditional urban water management systems provided services such as water supply, wastewater management, drainage, and flood control. However, urban water management is now increasingly integrated with broader goals of livability and sustainability. In recent decades, several countries have developed new approaches to urban water management. These approaches all embrace sustainable development as a core objective, with the concept of Water Sensitive Cities emerging as a notable model. This concept is linked to a new paradigm in urban water management that advocates for the use of decentralized water systems. Since the introduction of practical water-sensitive indicators, substantial efforts have been made to implement them in cities with diverse social, organizational, and biophysical conditions worldwide Iran is not exempt from this crisis, and its water resources are far from ideal. Situated in the arid and semi-arid belt of the world, Iran is considered one of the countries with limited water resources. Its share of the world’s fresh water is relatively low compared to other regions. With Iran’s growing population, the annual per capita renewable water resources decreased to about 800 cubic meters in 2021, below the water scarcity threshold of 1,000 cubic meters. The decline in groundwater resources is a clear sign of unsustainable management and national water bankruptcy. At the current rate of exploitation, 12 out of 31 provinces in Iran will completely deplete their groundwater reserves within the next 50 years. Tehran, the capital, faces one of the most critical water resource conditions. Factors such as population growth, urbanization, green spaces, industries, unsustainable water consumption, lack of rainfall, and evaporation contribute to water loss in the Tehran area. Tehran Province, which accounts for more than 20% of the country's population, occupies less than 1% of its land area. It is evident that providing water for this dense population is a challenging task. Over the past two years, Tehran has been recognized as the country’s highest water-consuming city. The city of Tehran comprises 22 districts and 376 neighborhoods, each differing in physical, environmental, and cultural aspects. One of Tehran’s neighborhoods, Tajrish in District 1, has been particularly notable because of itshistorical significance and location. This neighborhood is noteworthy in terms of water management because it has numerous active Qanats. Additionally, the presence of the Darband River Valley is one of its unique features. A review of Iran’s flood history shows that one of the most destructive floods occurred in this neighborhood, highlighting the need for measures to achieve sustainable water resource conditions. This study aims to evaluate the Tajrish neighborhood based on Water Sensitive Cities (WSC) indicators and to answer the question of how Tajrish stands in terms of WSC criteria. It also seeks to provide solutions for achieving water sustainability in Tehran. Implementing the necessary measures to become a Water Sensitive City can help reduce costs and foster a sustainable and socially committed approach to urban water resource management.Methodology: This research is an applied study aimed at assessing the status of the Tajrish neighborhood based on the indicators of Water Sensitive Cities. To achieve this objective, we employed multiple methods for data collection and analysis, which are detailed below:In the first phase, we gathered information using library and documentary methods, which included documentary studies, library research, and a thorough review of the literature. In the next step, we used a questionnaire to collect information for assessing the status of the Tajrish neighborhood in relation to a Water Sensitive City, utilizing the Likert scale. These questionnaires were distributed among 30 water and urban planning experts and reached theoretical saturation. After distributing the questionnaires among the experts and scoring each criterion and sub-criterion, we used the one-sample t-test in SPSS software to determine the status of each of these criteria and sub-criteria in this neighborhood relative to a Water Sensitive City. Subsequently, we categorized these criteria into five ranges, from very weak to very good.Results: To identify the most significant deficiencies among the main components and sub-criteria, we use a classification method. In the t-test, we considered the highest level, representing a Water Sensitive City, as one, and we ranked the criteria into five groups within the range of zero to one. According to experts, Tehran has the smallest gap regarding equity and equality compared to Water Sensitive Cities, while the worst situation pertains to efficiency and performance. By examining each criterion and sub-criterion based on their importance in the Tajrish neighborhood, we found that most indicators fall within the range of 0-0.2, which is weak, and 0.21-0.4, which indicates moderate conditions. Only three sub-criteria—equitable access to safe and reliable water resources, equitable access to a safe and reliable sewage network, and vegetation cover—were classified as good.Conclusion: Population growth and the lack of consideration for water elements in urban planning have resulted in significant challenges for today's cities regarding water resource availability, impacting their sustainability. It is evident that traditional urban water management models are insufficient, and modern cities require the adoption of new approaches for urban water management. The Water Sensitive Cities model, which has emerged in the past two decades, represents a novel approach to urban water management, advocating for the use of decentralized water systems. This model aims to maximize opportunities for better living conditions and efficient resource utilization, including the reuse and management of water and wastewater, to promote and support human health while minimizing the impacts of urbanization on the natural environment and the water cycle. In this study, we assessed the status of the Tajrish neighborhood based on the indicators of Water Sensitive Cities using the one-sample t-test. The results indicated that Tajrish predominantly falls within the weak and moderate categories for these indicators. Only three sub-criteria—equitable access to safe and reliable water resources, equitable access to a safe and reliable sewage network, and vegetation cover—were classified as good. Consequently, Tajrish requires long-term planning across all dimensions and strategies ranging from micro to macro levels.

Introduction: Human life and the historical course of civilization have always been subjected to concepts such as justice and equality. Although the concept of justice is more than fair distribution and is considered a kind of social value, due to its content, there is no universal definition of justice, and it takes on different meanings depending on the social and geographical conditions. However, spatial justice theories emphasize its spatiality. Today, with the rapid growth of urbanism and excessive attention on the planning process, spatial inequalities derived from social and economic inequalities lead to the collapse of the balance of urban systems, the lack of content of urban planning measures, and unbalanced and unequal access to the district. Therefore, since the spatial organization in cities is influenced by the economic, social, political and cultural functions of the society, if these structures are formed based on justice, we will witness its impact in urban spaces, and its consequences can be spatial justice, and He pointed out equality in the distribution of services and resources in cities. In fact, spatial justice is the fair distribution of socially valuable resources such as power, environmental goods, and social services throughout space. In the public sphere, social claims can be negotiated and discussed, allowing multiple voices to be heard in the city. According to Michel Foucault, what sustains power and makes it acceptable is the fact that this power is productive, induces pleasure, shapes knowledge, and produces discourse. So it should be considered productive. A network that passes through the entire social body. With these words, the concept of a justice city can be studied in terms of its relationship with the two concepts of knowledge (truth) and power (Expediency), and by expanding Foucault's knowledge-power theory, it discussed whether the justice-centered city is based on Is communication action and Foucault's theory possible to be realized in the real world that has conflicting interests and complex power relations? The current research tries to find the theoretical foundations of justice and its roots in line with the concepts of spatial justice and the justice-centered city, emphasizing Foucault's theory of knowledge and power, to investigate the relationship between these two concepts in the urban space. Methodology:  This research is an applied-developmental research. The general strategy of this research is a combined strategy that uses a different and separate research strategy for each topic of the research. Thus, in the theoretical part of the research, using the qualitative approach and based on the library method, the concepts of the justice-centered city and its spatial and physical components are explained, and then by referring to Foucault's works in knowledge-power theory and others. Thinkers in power, the place of this theory in urban planning have been studied and finally, the theoretical framework and conceptual model of the research based on the relationship between the two sides of spatial justice and knowledge-power in urban planning has been presented. Also, the special strategy will be narrative and analysis, and the type of theory in this research is content-proof. The indicators obtained in this research are based on the theoretical framework including spatial knowledge, guidance and control, and participation, as well as the statistical population including the citizens of Rasht city, which was randomly sampled from the statistical population of citizens. Cochran's formula and Morgan's table were used to determine the sample size, and the sample size was equal to 384 people. The statistical results are presented in two topics, descriptive findings and inferential findings. In the descriptive topic, the main variables were explained and interpreted using frequency statistics, mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentage, and in the inferential topic, the research model was investigated using the structural equation modeling technique. The average of the factors was evaluated with one-sample T-test, the ranking of factors was done with Friedman's ranking test, the comparison of districts in terms of spatial-physical components of the city of justice was done with the one-way analysis of variance test, and the comparison of the existing and desired situation with A one-sample T-test was performed. Data analysis was done with Smart PLS version 3 and SPSS version 27 software. The maximum error level of Crombach's alpha for hypothesis testing was considered being 0.05 (p<0.05).Results: The results show that because of the content of justice, there is no universal definition of it, and the concept of justice takes on different meanings depending on the social and geographical conditions. However, researchers emphasize that the material and non-material benefits of public policy should be distributed fairly. This point shows that planning is the product of power and politics. Urban planning, especially land use planning, is no exception to this. In fact, it is accepted by the public that citizens do not have much control over the forces that form the environment, and the changers, decision makers, creators and organizers of the environment are not citizens, but a group that changes the environment and makes decisions about it in the shadow and vaguely. The consequences of this trend lead to the privatization of urban spaces and injustice in the spatial organization of cities. Therefore, justice-oriented urban planning is a critical discourse against power inequality (poverty, corruption and discrimination) in urban spaces and a political effort against the privatization of public spaces for the benefit of capital.Discussion: The present research states that for the principled movement of planning, it is necessary to identify the role of effective powers and forces in the society. In fact, justice-oriented cities improve the quality of life in cities by providing an empowering framework for urban actors. Therefore, understanding the dominant power structure and creating a control and monitoring system using technical knowledge and popular participation can lead to achieving a justice-oriented city based on the knowledge-power theory. The quality of life and the distribution of opportunities are two prominent axes of spatial and physical justice, which crystallizes in the majority of distributive justice and structural justice in the city. Also, Foucault's analysis of the space of the modern era emphasizes how specific spaces are produced, designed, constructed, controlled and regulated by disciplinary discourses and power-knowledge technologies. In the knowledge-power theory, Michel Foucault considers space to be the producer of power relations, which shows its influence in different ways, and believes that power flows in space and no space can exist without power flows. Therefore, planning is a mechanism that connects with the urban space through physical-spatial justice.Conclusion: The findings obtained from the analysis show that almost all the components and indicators of the city of justice are lower than the average in all districts of the city of Rasht. However, spatial knowledge or technical rationality to some extent has obtaineda higher average in the city level than the other two components, guidance- control and participation. However, district 2, which forms the central fabric of the city, has the highest level of spatial knowledge component, which means the highest level of balance, diversity and spatial capability, the highest level of guidance and control, which means the highest level of visibility and regulation, and the highest level of participation, which means the highest level of monitoring and networking. And district 4, which often has an unplanned texture, has the lowest amount of these indicators. Finally, it can be concluded that by identifying the components of physical-spatial justice based on the theory of knowledge of power and the relationship between them, planning can be done through spatial knowledge (technical rationality) and by creating balance, diversity and capabilities. Spatially and by moving towards more complete forms of decision-making to reduce the intensity of injustice. Therefore, planning can be done by producing a disciplinary space toward guidance and control (discipline) and in line with the purposeful regulation of life by using concepts such as visibility and regulation in disciplinary spaces such as cities, streets, public uses, etc., To act toward social equality and influence the power of activists. Also, through participation (influence on choices) and considering the role of networks as relationships between forces and communication links, as well as the politics of difference and resistance, and the participation of weaker groups in decision-making, as well as the participation of disciplinary institutions from such as local governments, social representatives, local participants, etc., to play a positive role in liberation and standing. Finally, it can be said that understanding the dominant power structure and creating a control and monitoring system using technical knowledge and people's participation can lead to achieving a justice-oriented city based on the knowledge-power theory.

Introduction: Throughout history, "Narratives" have always been an integral part of culture and human life, playing a significant role in transmitting the values of human societies. The profound impact of the "narrative" in human life has led many linguists to consider it as an innate linguistic ability specific to humans. This is because our perception of the surrounding world is deeply tied to our understanding of its narratives, and we comprehend the phenomena through understanding their narratives. In fact, the realization that narrative serves as a crucial tool for understanding and conveying concepts has led to the continuous growth of narratology in various fields of study, which is also known as the "narrative turn". The narrative capabilities in urban landscape and urban planning have also become a focus of attention for many scholars and researchers in the past two decades. Indeed, the fact that cities and urban landscapes are like interpretable texts that narrate the memories, events, and citizens' perceptions of the city has underscored the significance of studying the nature and mechanisms of narrative in cities. Understanding the narrative capacities of urban landscapes can significantly affect the way we comprehend, intervene, and interact with cities. Despite the research carried out in the fields of narrative and urban landscape, there is still no precise conceptual framework for the relationship between narrativity and urban landscape as a narrative discourse. In fact, most of them have studied the ways of using landscape narratives in the design process. Therefore, the current research aims to explain the narrative structure in the urban landscape by examining the theoretical foundations in both the narrative and urban landscape domains. This research also tries to investigate the narrative tools and their mechanisms in the urban landscape.Methodology: The current study has been conducted based on a qualitative approach and a descriptive-analytical method. Data collection has been conducted through library research. The research type is basic, aiming to explain the concept of the urban landscape as a narrative text and identify the tools, methods of storytelling, and how to read the narratives of the urban landscape. To achieve the research objective in the theoretical foundations section, the phenomenon of narrative and related theories have been studied and analyzed and the constituent elements of the narrative and the relationships among them have been extracted. Then, the concept of the urban landscape and its relationship with humans and the city has been studied. Subsequently, by using theoretical foundations and logical reasoning, content analysis, the structure of narration in the urban landscape has been explained as a type of narrative discourse.Results: The findings obtained from the review of the theoretical basics demonstrate that every narrative includes three elements: story, narrative discourse, and audience. In this structure, the story is a mediating phenomenon, while narrative discourse acts as the connecting link between the story and the audience. On the other hand, the definitions of the urban landscape make it clear that the urban landscape as an objective-subjective phenomenon is the mediator between the city and humans. In fact, it is the urban landscape that provides us with the ability to read the semantic layers of the city (fig.1).Fig.1. Comparison of the Mediating Role of Landscape and Urban Landscape as a type of Narrative Discourse in place Narratives.Discussion: According to the literature review, we cannot directly engage with the story because the story doesn't have any manifestation on its own and is always read through the mediation of narrative discourse. Since in every narrative, mediators narrate the story, there must also be a mediator in urban narratives, which makes possible the connection between the stories of the city and people. In fact, "Urban landscape" is the very connecting link that causes people to perceive and read the stories of the city through its subjective-objective quality. As a result, by referencing the concept of the urban landscape, it can be concluded that citizens and the urban environment are known as two constituent factors of the urban landscape, and the urban landscape, as a narrative text, narrates the interaction between them at a certain time and place.Conclusion: "Narrative" is always considered a part of the nature of the landscape, not something separate from it, and the urban landscape is not exempted from this rule. The urban landscape, as an objective-subjective phenomenon that is the result of the interaction of citizens with the body of the city, serves as a medium of narrative discourse and narrates the story and semantic layers of the city. To explain, the urban landscape, through its narrative tools, namely 1) creating an interactive platform for engaging with the story and 2) objective and subjective signs (such as paths, edges, nodes, districts, and Landmarks), provides the possibility of reading and manifesting the story layers of the city through a sensory-perceptual process (fig.2).

Introduction: Nowadays, urban regeneration is a global issue, and in a broad way, having an effective urban regeneration program has become one of the most important solutions for all cities in the world. Urban regeneration, as one approach of sustainable urban development, aims to increase the economic, social, physical and environmental performance of cities and can help the goals of a sustainable city from various aspects. Today, urban tourism is proposed as an approach to urban regeneration, and it is mentioned as an influential factor in urban development, and it is referred to as tourism-oriented urban regeneration. Tourism-centered urban regeneration, by planning basic concepts such as the use of innovative economic areas, reaches the basic point that it is possible to approach the effects of urban tourism in the inner tissues and central cores of cities, with confidence in the results of the regeneration process. And its positive features are beneficial. This approach respects yesterday's body and adds new structures in harmony with yesterday's structures to this composition and provides content and functionality whose superstructure is a cultural and social flow and its infrastructure is a completely economical and efficient mechanism. Such a view leads to a kind of convergence in the goal and means of urban regeneration. In this research, tourism regeneration was investigated in 5 functional-physical, aesthetic, environmental, economic and socio-cultural indicators. The purpose of this research is identifying and evaluates the tourism regeneration indicators of Rasht city. Methodology: This research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The method of collecting information is documentary and survey. A questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale )very low, low, medium, high and very high( was used to evaluate the influencing indicators in the regeneration of Rasht city. The indicators of the questionnaire were obtained by studying the theoretical foundations and it includes 5 indicators )functional-physical, aesthetic, environmental, and social-cultural( and it consists of 52 items, each of the indicators includes functional-physical with 16 There are 8 aesthetic items, 11 environmental items, 8 economic items and 9 socio-cultural items. 384 questionnaires were distributed among the citizens of Rasht city in order to achieve the research results and evaluate the indicators of tourism regeneration. The validity of the questionnaire was checked with the opinions of the professors, and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.912, which indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. The obtained data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed with binomial non-parametric tests and exploratory factor analysis. Smart-PLS software was also used to evaluate the impact of each index on each other.Results: According to the analysis of completed questionnaires, the aesthetic index has the highest average (3.01) and the environmental index has the lowest average (2.61). In the aesthetic index, the feeling of liveliness and attractiveness in the public spaces of Rasht city has the highest average (3.51) and the beautification of urban walls in Rasht city has the lowest average with 2.55. This index and its items show how important the quality of tourist destinations and their hosts can be in terms of aesthetics in tourism development. This issue is very significant in Rasht city because of the high acceptance of tourists by the local people, a variety of night and day uses, safe and beautiful places and streets, attractive shopping centers, etc. Also, in the functional-physical index, the item of the effect of tourism's physical space on the interaction of Rasht citizens has the highest average (3.39) and item 4, sufficient density in the special tourist spots of Rasht has the lowest average (1.97). In the environmental index, the reduction of natural resources with a value of 3.18 has the highest average and the quality of surface water collection in Rasht city with a value of 2.07 has the lowest average, which is because of the high amount of rainfall and not very suitable infrastructure. It is justifiable. In the economic index, the business boom in Rasht city because of the increase of tourists has the highest average value of 3.35 and the night economy in Rasht city has the lowest average value with 2.44 values. In the socio-cultural index, the importance of historic places in Rasht city. With a value of 4.14 has the highest average, and the success rate of urban management in reducing poverty with a value of 1.78 has the lowest average. Among other subjects, it has a socio-cultural index.Discussion: It can be said that in the environmental index, only 19% of the respondents were more than average satisfied with the environmental condition of Rasht city, which has the lowest level of satisfaction among the indicators. In the functional-physical index, 29% were satisfied, 47% in aesthetic index, 41% in economic index and 38% in social-cultural index were satisfied. The highest level of satisfaction related to the aesthetic index is 47%, and it indicates that 47% of the citizens were satisfied with the existing condition of roads and streets, the condition of folk arts in Rasht and attractive spaces for tourists to use. The important economic index is based on sociocultural indicators (with a path coefficient value of 0.678), environmental (with a path coefficient value of 0.624), functional-physical indicators (with a path coefficient value of 0.613) and aesthetic (with the path coefficient value of 0.560) The important socio-cultural index is based on economic indicators (with a path coefficient value of 0.673), environmental (with a path coefficient value of 0.605), functional-physical indicators (with a path coefficient value of 0.599) and aesthetic (with the path coefficient value of 0.577). The functional-physical index has the greatest impact on environmental indicators (with a multiplier value of 0.653), aesthetic (with a multiplier value of 0.613), economic (with a multiplier value of 0.609), socio-cultural indicators, respectively (with a path coefficient value of 0.597). The aesthetic index has the greatest effect on functional-physical indicators (with a path coefficient value of 0.628), environmental (with a path coefficient value of 0.605), socio-cultural (with a path coefficient value of 0.579) and economic indicators, respectively (with the path coefficient value of 0.562). The environmental index has the greatest impact on functional-physical indicators (with a path coefficient value of 0.663), economic (with a path coefficient value of 0.624), socio-cultural (with a path coefficient value of 0.611) and aesthetic indicators, respectively (with the path coefficient value of 0.602).Considering the fact that the aesthetic, economic and socio-cultural indicators have had a greater impact on the tourism regeneration of Rasht city, it can be said that in the economic indicator, diversity in business and employment, increasing the construction of tourist complexes, creating new markets, holding various exhibitions and improving and renovating historical buildings has had an impact on urban regeneration and has led to the attraction of tourists. The highest average and level of satisfaction of the citizens of Rasht is related to the aesthetic index. All kinds of plans and measures taken toward the reconstruction of tourist places and the beautification of the roads and streets and the improvement of old and historical structures have led to the development of urban tourism and the increase of tourists. In addition, there should be plans in socio-cultural aspects by holding various local and traditional festivals, religious rituals, local ceremonies, local music, and increasing recreational and sports facilities in the city instead of focusing only on physical renovations. To introduce the historical and cultural values ​​of important and valuable places of Rasht city for tourists and to introduce natural and man-made attractions and more interaction of people with city officials to meet the needs of families and organizations and to pay attention to their problems and demands. As a result, sustainable development and urban regeneration will be realized. With the increase of economic, social and cultural facilities, the conditions for the development of tourism elements and urban regeneration are made possible, and urban regeneration projects and plans are provided with general attention to all aspects of the wear and tear of old and worn-out urban tissues and the renovation of tourism facilities and facilities.Conclusion:  In this research, indicators of regeneration in physical, aesthetic, environmental, economic and socio-cultural dimensions were investigated in Rasht city. By examining the average of each index, it can be concluded that the aesthetic index has the highest average )3( and the environmental index has the lowest average )2.61(. Physical, economic and socio-cultural indicators each have an average of 2.78, 2.88, 2.87. The city of Rasht is in a favorable condition in terms of aesthetic index )the state of the landscapes in the city, urban folk arts and attractive spaces in the city for tourists to use(, but in terms of the environmental index )the quality of surface water collection, the quality of vehicles in the transport fleet and public transport and measures to prevent the change of agricultural land use( are not in a favorable condition.

Introduction: It is very difficult to think and make decisions about the future of the city as a combination of complex and uncertain systems. This complexity increases significantly when it comes to the long-term future of urban environments. Such challenges highlight the necessity of future-thinking and alternative thinking in the process of urban management and planning and show the need for a deeper understanding of alternative futures for the effective management of urban environments. The aim of this article is to identify and explain the alternative futures of Tehran; for this purpose, we have tried to study alternative future images of Tehran in an archetypal form of "growth, collapse, disciplined society and transformed society" using "Dator’s Four Generic Alternative Futures" method.Methodology: This study employs the "Four Generic Alternative Futures" method to identify and elaborate on alternative futures for the city of Tehran. This method involves developing scenarios based on the identification of key trends and drivers impacting future of Tehran. The developed scenarios include "Capital Business Center", "Crossing the fate of Ray", "Tehran Family" and "Tehran investigators ". Each scenario has a unique narrative that outlines a distinct vision for the city's futureResults: Among the 87 trends and factors identified in the research process, 14 factors were selected by experts as the key variables of the future scenarios of Tehran city. In the meantime, citizens' trust in governing institutions will have the greatest impact on the future governance of Tehran. Each of the four scenarios, depending on its specific context, shows different states of key trends and reveals the consequences of realizing the desired future.Discussion: The use of future-oriented approaches by managers and urban planners in the era of rapid changes, with growing complexity and increasing uncertainty, can lead to the achievement of coherent, comprehensive and integrated decision-making systems. These systems focus on greater stakeholder participation and sustainability of solutions. At the same time, future-oriented approaches can provide a suitable field for management and collaborative planning. The collaborative process of future research increases the possibility of successful implementation of these solutions by helping to develop successful solutions and the sense of ownership of the citizens towards the proposed solutions. Also, using these approaches through facilitating communication between key stakeholders and networking of knowledge resources increases the possibility of achieving preferred perspectives related to urban futures.It is reminded that many futurists try to build a vision of the future by challenging the official futures and common trends, as well as identifying and promoting some normative issues by using normative approaches. The focus of normative approaches on predetermined values ​​has caused many examples of preferred futures to be created without paying enough attention to alternative futures. This inadequacy of the normative approaches has caused the Manawa school to use the method of "four general alternative futures" as a precursor to the development of preferred futures. Based on this approach, the current research has tried to develop diverse images in the form of four relevant scenarios, without falling into the trap of uncalculated idealism, each of which can be a basis for forward-looking design, policy making, and strategizing.Conclusion: This research emphasizes the importance of understanding the dynamics of the contemporary world and the double complexities of metropolitan areas. By considering different scenarios and adopting a holistic approach, we can hope for better and more effective governance and overcome the complexities of development. The use of scenario-based approaches by urban managers and planners in metropolises such as Tehran facilitates facing complexities and makes it more possible to achieve good governance. Achieving the images of the future of Tehran city, while identifying the most important challenges and opportunities hidden in alternative futures, provides a basis for policy making in the field of urban governance and optimal administration of Tehran city. This forward-looking approach is essential to address the multifaceted issues facing cities with changing landscapes.