JOURNAL OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS
Year:2017 | Volume:6 | Issue:13 |Papers Count:8

One of the major crises that affect the communities, climate change is and will exacerbate climate risks. The clouds and climatic parameters associated with them, as well as important input in climate change prediction models, are considered. All clouds have the potential climate change and hydrologic cycle is headed. And any changes in value and their parameters can be the beginning of a chain of reactions and changes in the distribution of weather elements is another time and place. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in cloud abundance of low-level atmosphere in the Iran. To achieve this goal, first low-level clouds atmosphere Iran calculating the frequency of occurrence and when it was provided series Then, using the Mann-Kendall trend was the time of occurrence of low clouds. The spatial pattern of low-level cloud changes was analyzed. The results showed that the highest frequency of occurrence of low-level clouds atmosphere of Iran, in the north and northwest of the country, But each has a different spatial distribution of low-level clouds. The frequency of occurrence of low-level clouds in most provinces has been significant changes. And 23 stations of the 30 study sites have a significant change in the confidence level is 0. 05 percent, The changes also showed that most stations (17 stations 30 stations) have incremental changes are. Spatial differences also showed that changes in the North East and the South West to Isfahan and Qom decreasing trend And Trends in other parts of the country there is a significant increase in clouds of the low-level atmosphere. The early 1990s and the late 1980s when point mutations in the series are low-level clouds.

The process of climate change because of its significant impact on various dimensions of the fitted living beings, in recent decades has been highly regarded and general circulation models of the atmosphere are one of the best and most common climate change forecasting techniques in the world. In this study regarding the importance of precipitation and temperature on water saving and increasing kishlak dam water requirement for Sanandaj city, simulation of climate change in Kishlak basin dam in next decade were done by circulation model of the atmosphere. In order to prepare the climatic scenarios in this research, the general circulation model HadGEM2 under RCP4. 5 scenario HadGEM2 was used. In order to ensure a high resolution of the general circulation model output, small dynamic model downscaling ‘ RegCM4’ were used and total rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and wind speed parameters for next decade (2015-2020) were simulated. In the verification phase, the historical data simulated by the model for 1996-2000 periods with observed data from local stations compared by using correction coefficient and mean square of error. Finally, the spatial distribution of climatic parameters for future decades was obtained by GIS software. The results showed a good performance of the model for simulation of the average monthly maximum and minimum temperature parameters, however, average monthly rainfall data with less accuracy were estimated may be due to un-normal rainfall data. Also based on RCP4. 5 scenario it can be concluded that in the near future in summer the temperature will increase and the total amount of rainfall will decrease and mean annual temperature will increase.

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental issues, agriculture and food production in the world's natural and managed ecosystems and effects to all humans, therefore, quick and timely solutions required appearing. Among these solutions is the ICONA model that is provided by the Society for Conservation of Nature Spain. Among the many methods to predict erosion using GIS and RS, the model simulation results for all accepted. This research landscape water erosion and watershed Taleghanrood examined in the form of soil erosion and Zoning shows. This model has seven steps that slope maps, geological maps and then overlay the layer of the slope and geology, soil erosion layer is prepared. In later stages, use map using remote sensing techniques and vegetation map was produced using NDVI index. Then, with overlapping layers of soil conservation, land use and vegetation map have been achieved. In the final step, layers of soil erosion and overlapping layers of soil conservation and erosion risk map of the formations. Results this study showed that the total level watershed risk class too low 9. 3%, 12. 7% risk classes low, 22. 4% moderate risk class, 18. 9% and 36. 7% risk class to have high-risk class.

Volcanic cones are important and effective landforms, which have a close relationship with crust structures such as Faults, Folds, etc. "Buhluldaghi" Situated 20km north of Tabriz Based on tectonic units and situated in the Alborz-Azarbaijan subzone. The study area is one of the tectonically active regions with faults, earthquakes, landslides and particularly volcanic effects. Which indicate the susceptibility of this area to natural hazards? One of the requirements to deal with these risks is to the identify the forms of the earth surface in order to understand the nature, causes and its geomorphological effects, that can provide the basis for planning a better life for human beings. In this study, the nature, etiology, and the impact of Buhlul Dome on the morphology of Tabriz region was studied using fieldwork and library methods. In this context, the tools such as topography and geology maps, aerial and satellite images as well as experimental data were employed. The findings of the objective observations and library analysis has presented that stretching and compressional motions of the Azerbaijan active tectonic, which is due to convergence of Eurasia and Arabian Continental plates, especially in polio– Quaternary, resulted in deep breaking and intense faulting of the region, and provided the condition for magma exit from weak crust structured points. This dome is induced from fault lines which are drawn parallel to north Tabriz fault. This cone has not only changed the pattern of drainage area by with drawl of Miocene sedimentary layers but also acted as a resource for the production of downstream sediment such as Talus, Allusion, Rock falls, etc. Moreover, this mass consequence in tilting of horizontal sedimentary layers and their tending towards summits of the dome, which led to fragmentation and weak surface production against erosion systems and acceleration of the morphodynamic of the region.

Climate change impact on agricultural livelihoods will affect their food security. The aim of this study was to investigate ways to adapt to climate change and its role in the food security of rural households. The population consisted of family farmers is Poldokhtar city (N= 9431) using a sample of 380 households was selected as an example. Data were collected questionnaire data (structured and unstructured) is. To analyze the data from one sample t-test, correlation coefficient V Cramer and Spearman correlation were used. The results show that 97 percent of households surveyed were aware that climate change has a profound impact on the agricultural production of the products. Among the effects of climate change, drought and flood, and the possible effects of these changes, loss of crops are the most important role in agriculture and food insecurity. In relation to adaptation methods, findings suggest farmers who have used several methods to adapt to climate change have been less damage. Food Security Survey findings also show that 53% of households to meet their food is not a problem; 32 percent have access to food, but the food quality is too low; 11 percent of respondents believed that their families have been concerned to ensure food security, 3percent of the respondents also believed that in some days of three meals, have access to one or two meals. In general, it can be said that households were more vulnerable to climate change with food insecurity were higher.

Iran is located in southern mid-latitudes and undergone to environmental hazard of dust storms (DSs). In recent decades, following the climate change and the extended environment destructions, the frequency of DSs has increased and the visibility during dusty days has decreased over Western and Southern Iran (SI). As the aim of the present study, we followed the classifying of DSs in SI based on their frequencies related to Indus Low (IL) characteristics including its pressure and location. The daily data-set of this research included 11 dust codes that gathered from 17 weather stations in the SI at 12 UTC from 2000 to 2009. 120 daily graphs that were plotted based on the frequency of dusty cities, determined 354 DSs. All DSs were classified in three categories including pervasive, semi-pervasive, and small ones and they determined 25 DSs as indicator ones based on their frequency of dusty cities and their dates. SLP data-sets during all dates at 12 UTC related to every category composed by C++ programming and it presented final composed models on sea level pressure. The composed model showed IL is strong and unified during Pervasive DSs (PDS) over Indus Plain as IL location. It revealed dust was sucked and moved from two principal “ routes” including “ Southern Sahara-Hijaz-Southern Iran” and “ Syria-Iraq-Southern Iran” and one subsidiary route “ Central Asia-Southern Iran” during PDSs toward Indus Plain. All routes of IL were subsidiary, surface and scattered during Semi-pervasive DSs and we didn’ t find any route during small DSs. West-ward air flows and a decrease in relative humidity at low troposphere over Southeastern Iran as two findings from previous researchers and deepening and being focused of IL as a new finding are three indicators that can use for DS monitoring and warning and then environment management.

One of the most important challenges in disaster management is site selection for temporary housing to be used by the people affected by disasters. Despite numerous studies in literature, the number of parameters considered in several studies on one hand and failure to provide a comprehensive and applicable method including all effective parameters studied in previous studies on the other hand, providing a comprehensive study to select an optimal place for optimal site selection for temporary housing before the disaster happened is necessary for all cities of Iran. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are useful tools for this purpose. In this research, in an integrated study, the most important parameters in optimal site selection for temporary housing after earthquakes in urban areas has been considered in 4 indexes including geotechnical, urban planning, distance to dangerous facilities and distance to needed facilities. These four indexes with their parameters have been weighted using AHP. Then in GIS environment, the possible places for temporary housing are ranked and determined in terms of priority. According to the results, the best place for temporary housing has been presented for Mahabad city in West-Azarbayjan province. The results indicated that indices of distance to dangerous facilities and distance to needed facilities are more important than the other indices in the optimal location for temporary housing after earthquakes. In addition, a lack of proper distribution of the open spaces and lack of adequate open spaces such as parks in the Mahabad city are challenging.

Earthquake is one of the most disastrous natural calamity in present age which has been demonstrated its importance objectively. Therefore, getting prepared to deal have with always such crisis affected through identifying vulnerable spots and eliminating them are effective strategies in reducing the damage caused by an earthquake. Many Iranian cities are located in the areas with medium or high relative risk of an earthquake. Tehran city, especially area 3, has a high risk of earthquake danger because so many active faults lie around this area. It is necessary to evaluate vulnerable areas for the substantial planning of decreasing vulnerability of the buildings and representing a clear image from earthquake occurrence and its aftermath. In this study, the vulnerability of context in area3, Tehran, in the time of earthquake occurrence has been modulated. The paper methodology is a descriptive-analytic method which through ANP models and analysis of network in Geographic Data system has modulated and evaluated vulnerability in the urban context of area 3. The results showed that from 2296 hectare of the whole of the area, about 36. 2 percent lie in very high and high condition, about 30. 8 percent lie in intermediate condition and about 33 percent lie in very low and low condition. The space distribution of vulnerability related to northeastern and east of this area that has cumulous residential context. On the basis of the study results, with considering the problems of vulnerable residential context, Emergency Management of the earthquake will be an effective solution for context maintenance and decrease damages of earthquake occurrence in this context.