GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH
Year:2005 | Volume:20 | Issue:2 (77)|Papers Count:8

The village of Makhonic and nine smaller rural communities around it, located 180 kilometers away from the city of Birjand, is one of the most deprived villages of the country. This rural compound with its natural and roadway restrictions, with its 30 × 30 centimeters pieces of land for farming is a manifestation of human continence and resistance against starvation. The distribution of the crops of these miniature farming shows an authentic justice to the extent of sharing an apricot nut with three individuals. The study of the village of Makhonic leads us to the dark depths of human history and teaches us how it is possible to live as in Neolithic style in the middle of post modernist era. Makhonic shows us how it is possible for a country that has entered the era of reconstruction and modernism for more than a century and is blessed with rich resources of crude oil still to ignore and neglect such deprived regions and people. Makhonic is the museum of history of the evolution of human life in all dimensions including: archeology, anthropology, sociology, geography, and all other fields of study. Makhonic is a lesson for human beings in general and for the most distinguished professors of different branches of science in particular. It contains many ethical and moral messages for all. The hasty development of this rural community in 1990s provides us with the experience of time density, evolution, and development of communities.  

Geopolitical and international changes in the second half of the 18th centmy caused that eastern part of Iran to lose most of its historical, economical, social and cultural capacities. Owing to this the eastern civilization in this part of the country started to full. The fall of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), as well as national and international changes made new opportunities for the development of Iran and Afghanistan. In the present time (1996-2005) a lot of projects and plans have been implemented by the Iranian government in this region. All these have paved the way for the development of commercial and economical activities. These projects include Railway and Road ways, industrial plan, energy and communicational nets, river dams, secure borders and international and national investment this article will deal with all these in details.        

The militarist- strategic views of the U.S.A have been changed fundamentally compared with the cold war years, which can result in a total hegemony and diversion from his traditional confederates. The relation between Iran and Saudi- Arabia has changed into an unprecedented level after Sept. 11, 2001. The view on geopolitics of the Persian Gulf and its influences on relations between the two countries during the four periods can be displayed as follows: a- before the Islamic Revolution of Iran; b- after the Islamic Revolution until the end of the imposed war; c- from the end of the imposed war to September 11, 2001, and d- from September 11, 2001 up to the present time. These four periods which are formed by the global and regional circumstances as well as by the internal effective factors, have resulted in different relations. They have varied from a hostile attitude in 1988 to a peaceful competitive and expanding one up to a cooperative and regional convergence between the two countries after September 11, 2001, including the fall of Taliban and Sadamm Hussein. This article tries to review the relation between Iran and Saudi- Arabia during the four periods and their effects on the geopolitics of Persian Gulf considering the cooperations and convergences between the two countries under the shadow of the new regional evolutions.        

Due to important of climatic elements on environmental management, climate element modeling has more attention by scientific society. The monthly mean of climatic elements has up-down sinuous and regular behaviors. These behaviors have been estimated and predicted by sinuously function based on different frequency. One of the useful tools is the Fourier modeling. In this paper the authors defined Fourier models and base on this theory had been fitted a Fourier modeling on Mashhad monthly mean temperature by 106 year long data since 1891 Jan to Dec 1996. The data have collected from three references: since 1891 to 1950 it is recorded in World Weather Record that published by world meteorological organization. This report contains temperature in degree Fahrenheit. In this period there was tow epoch missing value. The missing values are given from Oil National Company in Ahwaz. Since 1950 to 1996 it recorded by meteorological organization of Islamic Republic of Iran by degree Celsius. We change the degree Fahrenheit of world meteorological organization to degree Celsius for orchestrates after and before 1951. The data during 1951-1996 collected from water ministry of Islamic Republic of Iran. Then the data tested for homogeneity and analyses after that. The Mashhad model contains an order and a sinuously - cosine descriptive variables. The sinuously - cosine components are known as harmonics that create series behaviors. The long of oscillatory components are same long as half series long. Determining of significant and important sinuously components are carry out by periodogram toll. Based on this tool we can look for significant latent cycle by try and fault. The periodogram shows variation of series base on frequency. This tool analyses all changes in differences frequency as universality. Up on above methods the best fitted model on monthly mean temperature of Mashhad defined by 106thharmonic. Then the hypnosis's of model have been tested for normality and independent of error and stationary in variance. The model was significant in 0.01 levels and then! is no harmonic to make it better. Due to kind of fitted model to mashhad temperature, the model contains an oscillatory (deterministic) and a stochastic component. In this case we can purpose the Fourier models as tow variable regressions model that contain a constant and multiple variables. The correlation and determine coefficient and standard error of residual obtained 0.976,95.2% and 1.912 respectively. It is necessary to point out that before modeling we tested linear trend in data based on Pearson method. If there are trend or not a constant can be added to the model or not. It cleared that there are no trend based on 106 year long of Mashhad monthly temperature. The prediction of monthly mean temperature and its confidences interval was predicted since 1997 Jan to 2004 Dec base on estimated model. To make the 95% confidences interval we add and different 3.748 from the predicted value. This can calculate from standard error of residual and standard value of Z square (1.96) value in 95% confidence. The predicted value stands as an oscillatory around a horizontal axis and the interval line shown stationary in all vector. The defined methods in this paper may apply for all oscillatory equal intervals discontinued time series. But it may apply for continued time series too by dividing time axis as equal interval      

Space organization of each area includes different parts and elements of which three fundamental elements have a basic and determining role: central or middle area, edge or peripheral area and their relationship or interactions. Population concentration, facilities, services and various opportunities in the center or in the metropolitan areas are the causes of emigration of peripheral population to those areas to meet their needs. This condition adds to the advantages, dominance, superiority and the central role of them. Therefore, it seems necessary that in planning and reviewing of functions, specially economic ones related to cities and villages, the planners should move to the dimensions that cities and villages both assume an active and efficient role in their (useful) environmental operations and in the different and various special functions, and mutual affiliations, so that the existing income gap in the center and peripheral areas and also the services and life facilities are coordinated and the differences are moderated.      

The evolution of Iran synoptic climatology studies, especially in the last decade has led to the recognition of low-pressure systems of the Red Sea region. First of all, the previous studies on the Sudan low pressures were presented. Then the dominant synoptic patterns of 18 storms over Iran with the Sudan origin were extracted. In this case, the circulation patterns of the Earth surface and 850, 500, 200, 50 hpa levels before and after storms were investigated and the average patterns of each level were prepared. In order to recognize the main moisture source of the Sudan systems, wind speed and direction charts and specific humidity charts of 850hpa level for 18 storms were investigated and average charts of wind patterns and specific humidity of them were prepared. Also, cloud forms of satellite images associated with wind pattern of 200hpa level for 6 storms with the Sudan origin were analyzed. The result showed that although, like previous studies, there was low cycle index and the existence of a ridge in mid-troposphere over the west Mediterranean and a deep trough over the east Mediterranean had important role on the formation and evolution of the Sudan low; the main role belonged to the stretching of polar vortex in lower stratosphere as the main source of vorticity for abnormal circulation and strengthening of Hadley cell and Subtropical jet stream over the Mediterranean and North of Africa. The results indicated that the suitable position of Subtropical jet stream core over Middle East associated with the settlement and strengthening of a ridge in middle and lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea are necessary for the evolution and developing of the Sudan lows. However, the position and speed of subtropical jet stream core over the Middle East and its axis direction in the upper troposphere control both the mid-tropospheric circulation pattern and the tracks of incoming Sudan lows to Iran. Finally, it was noticed that the maximum frequency of the Sudan Lows in Iran was first related to December and then during winter. It seemed that the increasing of the number of the Sudan systems was related to rapid displacement and southward movement of subtropical jet stream in Middle East in December. Moreover, it was found that the main sources of moisture of the Sudan systems are tropical Atrica (Southeast Sudan and west Ethiopia) and southwest sector of the Arabian Sea. The maximum moisture that reached Iran was seen in southwest Iran, particularly over Kohkilooyeh and Boyerahmad, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiyari provinces.