Ma`rifat-e Adyan
Year:2023 | Volume:14 | Issue:1|Papers Count:8

The sanctity of the elements and components of a religion/ritual is considered one of its most important features. Sacred things in a religion are the basis of many practices and teachings of that religion. Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) also have many sacred things, each of which has been sanctified according to its criteria. One of the important topics regarding the sacred things is the criterion of their sanctity. The standard of sanctity in Abrahamic religions can be extracted from their holy books. This article has examined the criteria of sanctity of things such as God, place, time, people and holy things. Based on the findings, considering the fact that these three religions are monotheistic, it is possible to consider the standard of holiness in these religions as istfa, attention, status, will, manifestation, divine command and prohibition, and communication with God. Of course, in Judaism and Christianity, considering the sanctity of the nation and the divinity of Jesus, the standard of sanctity in these two religions is different from Islam in some cases.

One of the mysterious stories of the Qur'an is the story of the cow of the Israelites, which is also mentioned in the Old Testament. Considering the commonality of both books in the generalities of this story and also considering its Qur'anic context in Madani Surah "Baqarah" which is addressed to the Jews of Medina, this story should be known both to the audience of the Qur'an and to the Jews. Assuming this, why among all the animals, the cow has become so important and what is the reason for the order to slaughter it and its connection with murder, and basically what is the purpose and message of retelling this event in the Qur'an, it is necessary to examine the myths of ancient peoples and find a way to answer the above questions by analyzing the characteristics of such slaughters. With an interfaith approach and relying on all the documents, it can be claimed: the order to slaughter the mentioned cow is more than a ritual sacrifice for intimacy, according to the verses of the Torah, it is a kind of "plague remover" from the mother earth, which was carried out from the traditions of Presazertashti to ward off evil. In the Torah narration of the story, the mother earth, and in the Qur'anic narration, the female cow has become important, as both manifestations of the same thing (meaning sustenance and blessing) are considered. Recounting this event, the Qur'an, in addition to exposing the inner nature of the Jewish people in their enmity with God, also criticizes the pre-Islamic understanding of this story and attributes all the divine attributes that they attributed to such rituals and elements (mother earth - female cow) to God.

Having a behavioral and moral system in the relations between individuals, communities and nations is necessary. Considering the completeness of the religion of Islam and the completion of the mission of the prophets of God, it is expected that this religion works in a systematic way in interaction with other religions, especially the People of the Book who believe in one God and the divine book. This issue, for reasons such as the abundance of followers of Christianity, the historical interaction of Islam with them and the confrontations that Jews have had with Muslims, becomes more necessary in relation to Christians. Certainly, designing a moral system without considering the theory of "value" makes that moral system meaningless. Therefore, before anything in interaction with Christians, it is necessary to explain the theory of "value" in relation to them. From the point of view of Islam, the purpose of human creation is to reach the position of closeness to God through worshiping and serving God alone. Using analytical-descriptive method and foucsing on the verses of the Holy Qur'an, this paper seeks to show how to achieve this goal, as the most complete way to reach real perfection and happiness in relation to Christians.

The ethics of servitude tries to explain the relationship between man and God and show how man should be in the face of Almighty God, as the Creator, Owner and Manager of the whole world. What behaviors should one show? And what situation should one take? This system has principles and rules, of which the principle of "submission" is one of the most important one. This paper deals with this principle with a "comparative" approach from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an and the New Testament and various topics, such as the secret of the necessity of submission, the means of submission, incentives and guarantees for the implementation of submission, monotheism in submission and the development of the principle of "submission". In this way, similarities and differences between these two holy texts can be observed, the most important of which is the extent of dealing with the principle of "surrender" and the depth of attention to this principle in the Holy Qur'an.

Love has a high position in human nature and life, which shows the need to pay attention to the ethics of compassion. Using an analytical-descriptive and deskresearch method and investigating the position of love in the "Ethics of Compassion" from the point of view of Augustine and Mohammad Ghazali this research has been conducted. The results show that both mystics consider love as a divine gift and both have emphasized the position of love in compassion, so that without love, compassion is not complete. They believe that if love belongs to the universe, it causes compassion, and the more intense the love, the greater the compassion. Both believe: there are loves that should be expressed and there are loves that should not be expressed; It means that the inclinations must be by choice and will. They consider the love of God as the essence of moral law and divine love as divine compassion. Divine compassion, which includes creatures, consists of: The love of creatures, especially humans to God.

In the Hebrew Bible and the Haggadah, some negative attributes are attributed to Abraham, Sarah, Lot, and Jacob. Many of these negative attributes have been justified by Haggadah rabbis, Jewish thinkers and scholars. Using a descriptive and analytical method and considering the importance of these negative traits and more importantly, considering the importance of their justifications, this paper seeks to examine the justifications of the Rabbis of the Haggadah, Jewish thinkers and researchers about the negative attributes of Abraham, Sarah, Lot and Jacob in the Old Testament. Hazrat Yaqub (PBUH) takes birthright and blessing from his brother Esau by deception. It has been said that these traits and other negative traits of Jacob were among God's plans before his birth. Due to the prophethood and infallibility of Abraham, Sarah, Hagar, Ishmael, Lot and Jacob in the Holy Book and "Aggadah", they are absolved from the attributed sins attributed. Although the justifications for these sins are based on the Bible and "Aggadah", they are not acceptable because some of them are based on predestination.

"Enlightenment" in the Buddhist Zen tradition and "lucidity" in the tradition of Khorasan Sufism have a prominent importance, in such a way that they caused a fundamental rift between the followers of Zen Buddhism and Khorasan Sufism. In the Buddhist Zen tradition, "enlightenment" is divided into "gradual" and "sudden", each of which has its own followers. The representative of the "gradual awakening" school has Sufism and the representative of the "sudden aversion" school also has Huineng. Their disagreement on the quality of attaining enlightenment was so serious that it divided the later Buddhist tradition into "Northern" and "Southern" Buddhist traditions. In the Sufism of Khorasan, he contrasted the differences of opinion between "lucidity" and "intoxication" Sufis of that region and divided them - at least - into two categories: Sufis who followed lucidity, such as Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Abu Nasr Siraj Tusi, and Hujwiri who Abul Qasim Al-Qushayri is also considered a representative of this school. Followers of gradual enlightenment in Zen Buddhism were people of literacy and knowledge. They were literate and wrote their own theories well in their works. In other words, they were mostly Sunni scholars and were known as scholars in their era. In the Sufism based on lucidity Khorasan, the Sufis were people of knowledge and literature and benefited from the written tradition and were considered among the scholars of their time. In terms of function, gradual enlightenment has the same position in Zen Buddhist tradition as lucidity had among Khorasan Sufis. Using an analytical-descriptive and deskresearch method this paper has been conducted.

One of the main characteristics of the Protestant movement, which is fully evident in the actions of its leaders, especially Martin Luther, is the opposition and confrontation with the religious authority in the Catholic Church, headed by the Pope the "Reformation" was opposed not to the Pope or a specific institution, but to the principle of the authority of the Pope and the authority of the church. Challenging the authority and authority of church and institutions and emphasizing slogans such as "only the Bible", reformers tried to introduce the Bible as "the only real authority of religion"; But due to the fact that different interpretations of the Bible are always possible, changing the authority created more important problems in practice, which we call the "crisis of authority". In fact, reforming the existing authority, Protestant leaders destroyed the original building of religious authority and created such chaos that their other efforts to rebuild this building were useless. Considering the danger of the influence of Protestantism in Islamic society, especially among Muslim intellectuals, this paper has investigated the causes and factors, formation process and consequences of this problem with a descriptive-analytical method.